Verbs to Know!
Abrir – to open Ahorrar – to save
Cambiar – to change Cerrar – to close
Construir – to construct Despedirse (i) de – to say goodbye to
Enviar – to send Ganar – to win, to gain
Llegar – to arrive Entrar – to enter
Gastar – to spend ($, time) Pagar – to pay
Prohibir – to prohibit Terminar – to finish, to end
Mentir – to lie Prestar – to lend
Quemar – to burn Soñar – to dream (con – about)
Vender – to sell Convenir en – to agree to
Insistir en – to insist on Gozar en – to enjoy
Reír- to laugh Sonreír – to smile
Cubrir – to cover Descubrir – to discover
Romper – to break Volver – to return (people)
Destruir – to destroy Mudarse – to move (residence)
Prometer – to promise Sufrir – to suffer
Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect in English and Spanish is considered a compound tense because its forms require two verbs. *like PP!!!
In English, the present perfect is formed with the present tense of the helper verb “to have” and a past participle. Some examples in English of the present perfect tense are:
I have studied Have you eaten?
He has visited We have been at the party.
I have done the work. They have said/told the truth.
The present perfect is used to refer to a past action or event that is perceived as having some bearing on the present. However, the present perfect is also used interchangeably with the preterite. One BIGGIE thing to remember is the present perfect is NOT used for “how long you have been doing something”. That’s the equation: Hace + time + que + present verb
Formation of the Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense is made up of two verb forms (like progressive)
1. the present tense of the verb HABER
2. the past participle (this will put the “ed” on your word!)
Conjugations of the verb Haber
· You have been using haber since Spanish I and probably didn’t even know it. Some forms of haber that you know are: hay, había, hubo
· The auxiliary verb haber agrees with the subject of the sentence.
· The auxiliary (helper) verb haber and the past participle cannot be separated by another word. Object pronouns and negatives are place before haber.
· The verb haber is not interchangeable with tener. Haber means “to have” only when used as an auxiliary verb with the past participle. Tener means “to have” in the sense of possession.
· Remember that you can use the present tense of acabar de + infinitive
in order to describe an event that has just happened
(Acabamos de llegar – we have just arrived Acaban de comer – they have just eaten)
Present Tense Conjugations of Haber
He Hemos
Has Habéis
Ha Han
Hint: you can conjugate the verb Haber in any tense you want (present,past,
future, conditional) to achieve the desired time frame.
The present perfect form of hay is ha habido – There has been / There have been
Formation of the Past Participle (en / ed)
The past participle of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and adding –ado for –ar verbs and –ido for –er/-ir verbs. This is very similar to the formation of the progressive (-ando / -iendo).
Hablar – hablado (spoken) Comer – comido (eaten)
Vivir - vivido (lived) Dormir – dormido (slept)
Estar – estado (been) Ser – sido (been)
Accented participles
· An accent mark is added to the past participle of –er and –ir verbs whose stems end in –a, -e or –o.
Caer- caído Oír – oído
Creer - creído Traer – traído
Leer - leído Reír – reído
Notice that these verbs are only “er” or “ir” verbs!!!
Irregular participles
Abrir – abierto Ir – ido Cubrir – cubierto
Morir – muerto Decir – dicho Poner – puesto
Romper – roto Ver – visto Descubrir – descubierto
Escribir – escrito Hacer – hecho Volver – vuelto
Participles as Adjectives
· In both English and Spanish, past participles may be used as adjectives to modify a noun. In Spanish the past participle, when used as an adjective, must agree in gender and number! (as with all adjectives!)
Vimos una película hecha en México We saw a film made in Mexico.
Ella caminó a la ventana abierta She walked to the open window.
· The verb estar may be used with a past participle to describe a state or condition that is the result of a previous action. In this resultant condition, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
La puerta está abierta. Juan la abrió. The door is open. Juan opened it.
Los lápices están rotos. The pencils are broken.
I.Write the participles and its English meaning for each of the verbs
1. entrar-
2. comer-
3. escribir-
4. caer-
5. prohibir-
6. tomar-
7. salir-
8. dar-
9. ir-
10. dormir-
11. ser-
12. pedir-
13. servir-
14. cerrar-
15. responder-
16. vender-
17. oír-
18. hacer-
19. poner-
20. traer-
21. vivir-
II.Change these verbs to the Present Perfect Tense and translate into English.
1. Mi familia y yo viajamos por Europa.
2. ¿Comen Uds en la cafeteria?
3. Ellos reciben el cheque.
4. Ella paga la cuenta.
5. Sus padres hacen una reservacion en el hotel.
6. Tú estudias la lección.
7. Mi tío vende la casa.
8. Marta no bebe la leche.
9. Me levanto temprano.
III. Change the following verbs to the Present Perfect Tense and then translate each sentence into English.
1. Los estudiantes ____________________ sus lecciónes (preparar)
2. Yo _____________________ su carta. (contestar)
3. El mesero ________________________ la comida (servir)
4. Vosotros ______________________ la verdad. (decir)
5. ¿Me ____________________________ Uds? (comprender)
6. Nosotros no ________________________ el tiempo. (tener)
7. Tú no ________________________ mucho. (sufrir – to suffer)
8. Los niños las ______________________ en la cocina. (poner)
9. Nosotros __________________________ dos habitaciones. (reservar)
10. Los peces _________________________. (morir)
11. Carmen _________________________una falda. (comprar)
12. Yo no _________________________ visitar el club. (poder)
13. El rey _________________________ el tesoro. (descubrir)
14. Tú ___________________________ mi calculadora. (romper – to break)
15. Vosotros ________________________ las chicas bonitas. (ver)
IV. Translate the sentences into español.
1. I have not received your present.
2. My mom has gone to the market.
3. You all (pl/informal) have returned early.
4. They have gone to bed already.
5. What have they decided to do?
6. Has the train arrived?
7. We have opened the window.
8. We have learned a lot.
9. Have you given the money to Sanchez?
10. I have invited my friends.
11. He has not eaten at Chipotle.
12. The girls have been happy all day.
13. Have the students read the book for today?
*** challenge 15. Señora has realized that this packet is big!
V.Answer the following questions.
1. ¿Has recibido buenas notas este semestre?
2. ¿Qué hais comido tú y tus amigos hoy?
3. ¿Han visitado tus padres a México?
4. ¿Has ido a la biblioteca hoy?
5. ¿Cuántas clases has tenido hasta ahora?
6. ¿Han visto los estudiantees en la clase la pelicula Star Wars?
7. ¿Ha hecho tu familia un viaje a España?
8. ¿Has traído tu traje de baño al colegio hoy?
9. ¿Se ha cepillado Alejandro el pelo hoy?
VI.Translate into Spanish (when will she stop, you may ask....)
1. I have not read the newspaper.
2. We have told the truth.
3. Have you seen it? (la película)
4. Who has heard that CD?
5. Her sock puppet has died.
6. He has sat down on my hedgehog.
7. You (tú) have not written the paper!
8. They have returned from the moon.
9. I have done my work. Have you done your work?
10. Where has Luna put the magazine?
11. We have opened the gifts.
12. I have put on my favorite sweater.
challenge
1. They believed you, but you have lied.