Appendix Figure 1a. Lefkovitch population projection model
Appendix Figure 1b. Population projection model for fixed annual recruitment of new trees.
Appendix Table 1. Information sources for isolated hedgerow trees.
class / Great Britain (1000s of trees)Source / unit
dbh / 10-20cm 5 / 20-32cm / 32-48cm / >48cm
Hedgerow and Park Timber 1951 1 / 23,240 / 10,780 / 11,150 / 11,200 / 56,370
% in class / 41.2 / 19.1 / 19.8 / 19.9
dbh / <7cm / 7-20cm / 21-30cm / 31-50cm / >50cm
Census of Woodland and Trees 1979-1982 2 / 12,250 / 38,960 / 13,700 / 15,250 / 10,720 / 90,880
% in class / 13.5 / 42.9 / 15.1 / 16.8 / 11.8
height / 2-5m / 5-15m / 15-20m / >20m
National Inventory of Woodlands 1995-1999 3 / 4,250 / 3,580 / 980 / 150 / 8,960
% in class / 47.4 / 40.0 / 10.9 / 1.7
age / 1-4yrs / 5-20yrs / 21-100yrs / >100yrs
Countryside Survey 1984 4 / 30 / 350 / 990 / 540 / 1910
% in class / 1.6 / 18.3 / 51.8 / 28.3
Countryside Survey 1990 4 / 25 / 280 / 960 / 580 / 1845
% in class / 1.4 / 15.2 / 52.0 / 31.4
dbh / <3cm / 3-20cm / 21-50cm / >50cm
Countryside Survey 2000 4 / 15 / 280 / 680 / 700 / 1675
% in class / 0.9 / 16.7 / 40.6 / 41.8
Countryside Survey 2007 4 / 5 / 300 / 650 / 670 / 1625
% in class / 0.3 / 18.5 / 40.0 / 41.2
1 - Hedgerow and Park trees
2 - Non-Woodland broadleaves (Isolated trees+Clumps+Linear features)
3 - Individual broadleaves isolated trees
4 - Individual isolated hedgerow trees
5 - Saplings at least 10 ft tall
Appendix Table 2. Number of Individual hedgerow trees from CS2000 used to estimate survival and transitional probabilities for population model.
Species / Region / Grand Total1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 8 / 9
Ash / 637 / 510 / 50 / 17 / 1 / 43 / 90 / 1348
Oak / 454 / 616 / 17 / 8 / 1 / 39 / 69 / 1204
Sycamore / 39 / 95 / 2 / 9 / 6 / 24 / 175
Hawthorn / 32 / 39 / 3 / 8 / 17 / 11 / 110
Field maple / 69 / 15 / 6 / 2 / 92
Willow / 35 / 30 / 5 / 14 / 6 / 90
Elm / 17 / 50 / 12 / 3 / 82
Holly / 11 / 42 / 2 / 1 / 3 / 7 / 66
Beech / 8 / 26 / 2 / 18 / 1 / 7 / 62
Alder / 13 / 18 / 9 / 2 / 5 / 47
Malus / 26 / 12 / 6 / 44
Birch / 3 / 11 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 7 / 24
Lime / 5 / 15 / 3 / 1 / 24
Rowan / 6 / 4 / 6 / 16
Poplar / 7 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 13
Hazel / 3 / 6 / 1 / 1 / 11
Prunus sp. / 6 / 2 / 2 / 10
Unspecified conifer / 7 / 3 / 10
Unspecified broadleaf / 4 / 3 / 1 / 8
Pine - Scots / 1 / 6 / 7
Wild Cherry / 1 / 4 / 2 / 7
Elder / 1 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 6
Hornbeam / 3 / 3 / 6
Walnut / 3 / 1 / 4
Mixed broadleaf / 1 / 3 / 4
Horse Chestnut / 2 / 1 / 3
Laburnum / 3 / 3
Larch / 2 / 1 / 3
Blackthorn / 1 / 2 / 3
Black elder / 1 / 1 / 2
Sweet chestnut / 2 / 2
Yew / 2 / 2
Aspen / 1 / 1
Whitebeam / 1 / 1
Spruce - Norway / 1 / 1
Viburnum / 1 / 1
Grand Total / 1392 / 1527 / 95 / 78 / 4 / 159 / 237 / 3492
Region 1 England Easterly Lowlands Region 4 Scotland LowlandsRegion 8 WalesLowlands
Region 2 England Westerly Lowlands Region 5 Scotland Intermediate UplandsRegion 9 Wales Uplands
Region 3 England Uplands
Appendix Table 3. Estimated GB annual transition probabilities
a) mean / FROM:<3cm / 3-20cm / 21-50cm / >50cm
<3cm / 0.7805 / 0.0000 / 0.0000 / 0.0000
TO: / 3-20cm / 0.1800 / 0.9636 / 0.0000 / 0.0000
21-50cm / 0.0000 / 0.0172 / 0.9691 / 0.0000
>50cm / 0.0000 / 0.0000 / 0.0122 / 0.9839
b) standard error / FROM:
<3cm / 3-20cm / 21-50cm / >50cm
<3cm / 0.0161 / 0.0000 / 0.0000 / 0.0000
TO: / 3-20cm / 0.0161 / 0.0028 / 0.0000 / 0.0000
21-50cm / 0.0000 / 0.0028 / 0.0016 / 0.0000
>50cm / 0.0000 / 0.0000 / 0.0016 / 0.0011
Appendix Table 4: Estimated percentage of trees in the population with dbh <20cm
Survey / England / Wales / Scotland / GBHedgerow and Park Timber 1951 1 / 36% / 56% / 60% / 40%
Census of Woodland and Trees 1979-1982 2 / 56% / 61% / 54% / 55%
Countryside Survey 1984 / 20% / 7% / 20%
Countryside Survey 1990 / 17% / 10% / 17%
Countryside Survey 1998 / 19% / 6% / 16% / 18%
Countryside Survey 2007 / 20% / 8% / 17% / 19%
1 – Hedgerow and Park timber trees with minimum dbh of 10cm
2 – Non-woodland broadleaves only
Appendix Table 5: Sensitivity analysis of mortality and recruitment rates for the population transition matrix, A.
Sensitivity Analysis / =0.99395 / % change in growth rateMortality rate / <3cm / dec 10% / 0.99405 / 0.001%
inc 10% / 0.99402 / -0.002%
3-20cm / dec 10% / 0.99455 / 0.051%
inc 10% / 0.99355 / -0.049%
20-50cm / dec 10% / 0.99465 / 0.061%
inc 10% / 0.99347 / -0.057%
>50cm / dec 10% / 0.99475 / 0.071%
inc 10% / 0.99338 / -0.066%
Recruitment rate / inc 10% / 0.99481 / 0.077%
dec 10% / 0.99324 / -0.080%
Appendix Table 6. Summary of the multi-database literature search for studies on invertebrates associated with hedgerows and hedgerow trees.
AGRIS International
Approx 2 million records1975 to present / Agricultural sciences and technology.
Journals, books, reports and conference papers.
Emphasis on non-US.
PASCAL
>13 million records1973 to present / Scientific and technical literature.
Journals, conference proceedings, technical reports, books.
CSA Life Sciences Abstracts
‘recent’ research literature / Mainly medical, some aspects of agricultural and veterinary science.
BIOSIS Previews
Abstracts from 1976 to presentOver ½ million records added annually / Contains citations from Biological Abstracts, and Biological Abstracts/Reports, Reviews and Meetings. Covers all area of biological research.
Journals, meeting abstracts, reviews, books, notes, letters & selected reports.
AGRICOLA
Over 4 million records1970 to present / Agriculture and life sciences. Mainly US from National Agric. Library, and USDA, but with limited worldwide coverage.
Journals, books, monographs, theses, patents, technical reports
Retrievals from the multi-database searches above:
Search / Criteria / Hits1 / tree% / 602,700
2 / isolated_tree% / 547
3 / hedge OR hedges OR hedgerow% / 7,760
4 / invertebrate% OR insect% OR arthropod% / 2,931,383
5 / isolated_tree% AND [hedge OR hedges OR hedgerow%] / 16
6 / isolated_tree% AND [hedge OR hedges OR hedgerow%] AND [invertebrate% or insect% OR arthropod%] / 2
7 / [hedge OR hedges OR hedgerow%] AND [invertebrate% OR insect% OR arthropod%] / 1456
8 / isolated_tree% AND [invertebrate% OR insect% OR arthropod%] / 76
Searches were repeated with exclusions for orchards, tropical or subtropical countries, molluscs, etc.
125 citations were printed, NONE of which were related specifically to invertebrates in hedgerow TREES. A small number related to invertebrates (and birds) in the main body of hedgerows or in the base of hedgerows.
Appendix Table 7. Retrievals from other database sources.
Search / Criteria / HitsCABFOREST SCIENCE DATABASE
Forestry Abstracts 1939 - 20081 / hedge% / 2,606
2 / hedgerow% / 1319
3 / trees / 513,991
4 / [hedge OR hedgerow] AND tree% / 2,276
5 / the above (4) in title / 71
6 / the above, excluding tropical & subtropical countries / 38
7 / [hedge OR hedgerow] AND tree% plus (isolated near tree%) / 18
All citations for 6 and 7 were printed
CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY & HYDROLOGY
CEH library catalogue
1 / hedges OR hedgerow trees OR hedgerow / 83
None of the citations related specifically to hedgerow trees and invertebrates
BRITISH LIBRARY DIRECT
1 / hedgerows / 153
2 / hedges AND trees / 16
All citations under 2 were printed
ISI WEB OF KNOWLEDGE
CAB abstracts from 1973Web of science from 1999
Current contents from 1988
1 / Hedgerow% OR hedge% / 54
All citations printed & checked
FORESTRY COMMISSION LIBRARY CATALOGUE
About 55,000 records.1 / (hedge% OR hedgerow%) AND tree% / 58
All citations printed & checked
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Appendix Table 8. UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species which may be associated with hedgerows. Species marked with * are associated specifically with hedgerow trees, at least in some situations.
(From Defra2007 and
Common name / Scientific name / Host plants / habitatInsects
* Maple wood-boring beetle / Gastrallus immarginatus / Breeds in old & veteran field maple, Acercampestre in open situations in parkland, wood pasture & hedgerows
* Noble chafer beetle / Gnorimus nobilis / Associated with old orchards, open woodlands, and pasture woodland.
Stag beetle / Lucanus cervus / Breeds in dead wood of broad-leaved trees, generally below ground
Brown hairstreak butterfly / Thecla betulae / Feeds on blackthorn & adults lek in mature ash trees
* White-letter hairstreak butterfly / Satyrium w-album / Larvae feed on elms in hedgerows & edges of woodlands
Barberry carpet moth / Pareulype berberata / Larvae feed on barberry, Berberisvulgaris in hedgerows and along woodland edges.
Pale shining brown / Polia bombycina / Endangered species associated with hedgerows, whose larvae probably feed on the spring buds and leaves of deciduous trees.
Heart moth / Dicycla oo / Larvae feed on oak, Quercus robur in parkland and open woodland, preferring over mature trees.
Sloe carpet moth / Aleucis distinctata / Larvae on blackthorn.
Scarce vapourer / Orgyia recens / Larvae feed on hawthorns, oaks and sallows and a wide range of other broadleaved species in hedgerows.
* White-spotted pinion moth / Cosmia diffinis / Larvae feed on elm, Ulmus procera and U. glabra, typically in hedgerows, but populations declined following Dutch elm disease
* Golden hoverfly / Callicera spinolae / Larvae live in rot holes in mature hedgerow trees.
Mammals
* Barbastelle bat / Barbastella barbastella / Hedgerow trees provide roosting sites, food (invertebrates) & habitat connectivity
* Bechstein’s bat / Myotis bechsteinii / - as above
* Greater horseshoe bat / Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum / - as above
* Lesser horseshoe bat / Rhinolophus hipposideros / - as above
* Soprano pipistrelle bat / Pipistrellus pygmaeus / - as above
* Noctule bat / Nyctalus noctula / - as above
* Brown long-eared bat / Plecotus auritus / - as above
Brown hare / Lepus europaeus / Hedgerows important for cover and food
Hedgehog / Erinaceus europaeus / Hedgerows provide cover, food & hibernation sites
Harvest mouse / Micromys minutus / Hedgerows provide adjacent cover, food & nest sites
Dormouse / Muscardinus avellanarius / Mature hedgerows act as corridors between woodlands and provide food & hibernation sites
Red squirrel / Sciurus vulgaris / A woodland species also likely to use hedgerows
Birds
* Spotted flycatcher / Muscicapa striata / Nests in holes in trees within and along the edge of broadleaved woodland, and in hedgerows. Insectivorous
* Tree sparrow / Passer montanus / Will nest in tree holes. Feeds on seeds & invertebrates.
Bullfinch / Pyrrhula pyrrhula / Hedges provide nest sites, cover & food
Cirl bunting / Emberiza cirlus / - as above
Yellowhammer / Emberiza citrinella / - as above
Grey partridge / Perdix perdix / - as above
Linnet / Carduelis cannabina / - as above
Reed bunting / Emberiza schoeniclus / - as above
Red-backed shrike / Lanius collurio / - as above
Song thrush / Turdus philomelos / - as above
Turtle dove / Streptopelia turtur / - as above
Cuckoo / Cuculus canorus / - as above
Dunnock / Prunella modularis ssp. occidentalis / - as above
Reptiles & amphibians
Great crested newt / Triturus cristatus / Hedges provide hibernation sites and act as corridors
Slow-worm / Anguis fragilis / Hedges provide feeding habitat, hibernation sites and corridors
Common lizard / Zootoca vivipara / - as above
Sand lizard / Lacerta agilis / Hedges provide hibernation sites and movement corridors
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Appendix Table 9. Attributes of woodland, parkland, wood pasture and hedgerow trees which influence their ecological value.
Attribute / aspect / Woodland / forest trees / Pasture woodlandParkland / Hedgerow trees
Tree species diversity / + main broadleaved woodland species,
lower diversity / ++ traditional parkland species (oak,
beech, sweet chestnut) & exotic
species / +++ main broadleaved species &
species rare in woodlands, including
fruit trees (crab apple, pear, bullace),
lime, elm & exotic species.
Tree age / - generally younger trees; few veteran
trees
- more even age structure / ++ old, mature trees
+ mixed age-structure / + old, mature trees
++ mixed age-structure
Dead wood / + cool, moist dead wood habitat
- dead wood in sunny situations
- few old trees / ++ open, sunny habitats & shaded
areas
+ proximity of other veteran trees
+ nectar sources for adult saproxylic
insects / + dead wood in sunny & shaded
situations
+ nectar sources for adult saproxylic
insects
- drier more exposed climate
-- isolated: fewer old trees in the vicinity
Foliage & canopy biomass / - shaded, competitive conditions for
trees lead to smaller canopies / + large, open sun-lit canopies / + large, open sun-lit canopies
Flowering & fruiting / - cool & shaded, less flowering &
fruiting of trees (e.g. hazel, Vera
2000) / + open & sunny conditions promote
abundant flowering & fruiting of trees
+ succession of flowering herbaceous
plants / + open & sunny conditions promote
flowering & fruiting of trees
++ succession of herbaceous flowering
plants through spring & summer
Micro climate / - cool, moist, shaded
+ sheltered edge habitats
+ sheltered in winter / ++ intermediate, both shaded and
open aspects / ++ open sunny situations, warmer
-- exposed, windy conditions
- colder in winter
Adjacent habitat / + closed woodland favours specialist
woodland invertebrates
++ often extensive areas of semi-
natural habitat / ++ open grass / meadow & other
habitat between trees / + various other woody species in hedge
- limited adjacent habitat
Management / + less intense management
- trees harvested at relatively early
age
+ relatively undisturbed woodland soils / ++ low intensity management / - pesticide drift
- root disturbance, close ploughing
- drainage & water stress
- limited other natural habitat
- disturbed soils near hedge
- lower canopy & trunk of trees damaged
by annual hedge cutting
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