Environmental Science Midterm Review

Name: ______Mod: ______

Environmental Science Midterm Review!!!

I. Measurement & Scientific Method

• Define Density______

Give the three formulas for Density:
D= M= V=

Solve and show work:

1. A cup of sugar has a volume of 237 mL. What is the mass of the cup of sugar if the density is 1.59 g/mL?

2. A crumpet recipe calls for 175 grams of flour. According to Julia Child's data, the density of flour is 0.620 g/mL. How many mL of flour are needed for this recipe?

3. A sample of lead is found to have a mass of 32.6 g. A graduated cylinder contains 2.8 mL of water. After the lead sample is added to the cylinder the water level reads 5.7 mL.

A. Calculate the density of the lead sample. B. Will this sample sink or float? Explain.

Name the 3 temp. scales ______, ______, ______

Circle the scale stated above that is part of the metric system.

*** Be able to convert between F, C and K (you will be given the formula)

• Define Absolute zero. What scale is it part of?______

______

Metric System/Metric Conversion (write the prefixes in the chart below and then solve the problems )

46dm= ______m 7.88cL= ______hL1.356 hg= ______g

0.56dam= ______dm 0.13km= ______m1 cm3 = ______mL

** Be able to use a ruler and convert between cm and mm.

What units do we use for mass? ______Define mass: ______

______

What units do we use for volume? ______Define volume: ______

______

Metric Units for Distance: ______Metric Units for Weight: ______

Explain this diagram. How do you read a G.C.?
______
______/ Find the volume of each graduated cylinder. To find the volume of # 5 (rock), assume that # 4 is the starting volume of the water.

Solid Volume: cm3, m3… measured with a ruler.
Liquid Volume= L, Ml… measured with a graduated cylinder

List and describe each state of matter:

• ______: ______
• ______: ______
• ______: ______

Make an observation and inference about the room, make quantitative observation and qualitative inferences.

• Observation______

• Inference______

• Quantitative Observation: ______

• Qualitative Observation: ______

Define the following terms.

1. Hypothesis: ______

2. Independent Variable: ______

3. Dependent Variable: ______

4. Control Group: ______

5. Experimental Groups: ______

6. Variables ______

Explain what each type of graph is used for (line, bar, pie).

Fill in the following information for each scenario:

A. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of lung cancer.

Hypothesis: If ______, then ______

Independent Variable: ______Dependent Variable: ______

Control Group: ______Experimental Group: ______

B. Hummingbirds are attracted to the color red.

Hypothesis: If ______, then ______

Independent Variable: ______Dependent Variable: ______

Control Group: ______Experimental Group: ______

C. Suzie Q wants to know the effect of different colors of light on the growth of plants. She believes that plants can survive best in white light. She buys 5 ferns of the same species, which are all approximately the same age and height. She places one in white light, one in blue light, one in green light, one in red light and one in the closet. All of the ferns are planted in Miracle-Grow and given 20 mL of water once a day for 2 weeks. After the two weeks, Suzie observes the plants and makes measurements.

Hypothesis: If ______, then ______

Independent Variable: ______Dependent Variable: ______

Control Group: ______Experimental Group: ______

Constants: ______

Analyze the Graph:

Independent variable (X or Y axis):

______

Dependent variable (X or Y axis):

______

Which type of seed do the birds prefer? ______

Which type of seed do birds dislike the most? ______

Why is a bar graph appropriate here?

______

______

What features are required on all graphs (at least 3)? ______

III. Taxonomy

Explain the difference between binomial nomenclature& common name.______

______

Why do biologists assign each organism a universally accepted name? ______

Write the scientific name correctly (felix felicis): ______

A useful classification system does NOT ______.

a) reveal revolutionary trends b) change the taxon of an organism based on new evidence

c) show relationships d) use different sci. names for the same organism

What is the genus name of the animal listed: ______Canis familiaris

What is the species name of the animal listed: ______Vulpes velox

Create a Mnemonic to remember Linneaus’ 7 taxonomic categories from LARGEST to SMALLEST

Mnemonic to remember the level / Level

Matching: Use the # only once.

a) ______devised a system of naming organisms that is still in use today.
b) Largest classification level that organisms are grouped into ______.
c) The taxon that is larger than a genus and smaller than an order is a(n)
______.
d) In ______, an organism is given a 2‐part scientific name that give the organism’s genus and species.
e) The smallest taxon is the ______, which is made up of organisms that similar characteristics and can breed with one another.
f) The science of naming organisms and putting them into classification groups is known as
______. / 1. binomial nomenclature
2. taxonomy
3. Linneaus
4. family
5. species
6. kingdom

CLADOGRAM

1. What trait separates Lampreys from Tuna?

______

2. What trait separates a salamander from turtle? ______

3. Which organisms is most closely related to the leopard? ______

4. What 4 traits do the leopard and your answer to #3 share? ______

______

5. Which organism is the least closely related to the turtle? ______

Give characteristics and examples for each Domain.

ARCHAEA
BACTERIA
EUKARYA

Analyze the following table to answer these questions:

How do you know if two organisms are closely related? ______

______

Which of the 3 organisms below are more closely related? ______

At what level do the gray wolf and the red fox separate? ______

At what level do the gray wolf and the hyena separate? ______

Gray Wolf / Red Fox / Hyena
Kingdom / Animalia / Animalia / Animalia
Phylum / Chordata / Chordata / Chordata
Class / Mammalia / Mammalia / Mammalia
Order / Carnivora / Carnivora / Carnivora
Family / Canidae / Canidae / Hyaenidae
Genus / Canis / Vulpes / Crocuta
Species / lupus / vulpes / crocuta

Use this Dichotomous key to figure out which face is which. Be sure to write the proper scientific name on the line below each picture.

1. Teeth visible ...... go to 2
.....Teeth not visible ...... go to 4
2. Has a wide, toothy smile ...... Smilus toothyus
....Is not smiling ...... go to 3
3. Visibly crying ...... Smilus dramaticus
.... Frowning ...... Smilus upsettus
4. Eyes are symmetrical .... go to 5
....Eyes not symmetrical .....go to 8
5. Eyes shaped like hearts ..... Smilus valentinus
....Eyes are shaped as ovals .....go to 6 / 6. Smiling, happy face ...... Smilus traditionalis
.....Not happy, frowning or other .....go to 7
7. Mouth curved down, frowning .... Smilus saddus
.... Mouth is a small circle ...... Smilus suprisus
8. Has a pirate eye patch ...... Smilus piratus
....Does not have eye patch ...... go to 9
9. One eye is much larger than the other eye
...... Smilus mutatus
One eye is winking ...... Smilus winkus

______/
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______/
______/
______

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______

III. Ecology & Ecosystems

Define Ecology: ______

Biotic = ______(plants, animals, people) Abiotic= ______(rocks, air, water)

Level of organization / Exampleof each (keep them to the same area)
Biosphere / All of the living and nonliving things on earth

What makes one biome different from another? ______,

______, ______

What are the three members of every community? ______,

______, ______

Create a trophic pyramid below. Write in at least 2 animals for each level, label each level with the proper trophic level, label auto and heterotrophs and calculate how much energy is at each level (start with 1000kcal).

At each step of the pyramid, how much energy goes to the next level? ______%

Which trophic level would be the most efficient for gaining energy? Why? ______

______

List two decomposers that might be found in this trophic pyramid. ______

Define the following:

Symbiosis: ______

Mutualism: ______

Parasitism: ______

Commensalism: ______

Read the following scenarios and list if they are mutualism, commensalism or parasitism.

- ______A spider builds a web on a maple tree. The spider catches insects.

- ______A tick attaches itself to a dog in the woods and sucks blood.

- ______A dog and a human live together. The dogs supply protection and companionship and the humans provide food and shelter.

- ______An Ox pecker bird eats insects off the back of a water buffalo.

- ______Aphids attach to a tomato plant and eat sap from plants fruit.

Classification / Animal(s) / Look at the food web and fill in the animals that belong in each of the following categories. Some may be listed in more than one area. ** There are no scavengers so list 2 examples.

Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary consumer
Decomposers
Herbivores
Carnivore
Omnivore
Scavenger

Explain the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.

______

______

Give examples of organisms that use each process.

______

POPULATION DYNAMICS

What is carrying capacity? ______

______

What happens to aminals when their species reaches carrying capacity in an area? ______

______

Define limiting factor and give 3 examples. ______

______

Choose an animal (any animal). ______

What is the animal’s Niche/ Habitat? Niche ______Habitat ______

What are 3 of its adaptations? ______

______

USE THIS INFO FOR THE GRAPH BELOW.

Predator Prey Relationships-In the tundra, where both reindeer and wolves live, the number of reindeer in a herd does not exceed the carrying capacity of the environment. In 1944, the United States Coast Guard transported 29 reindeer to St. Matthew Island in the Bering Strait. St. Matthew Island has the typical climate for a tundra, but no wolves live there. The graph shown in Figure 2 represents the growth curve for the reindeer population there.

1. What is the increase in the reindeer population increase between 1945 and 1963? ______

2. What is the decrease in the reindeer population decrease between 1963 and 1966? ______

3. Did the reindeer exceed the carrying capacity of their environment? ______

Explain your answer. ______

______

4. Why do you think the population increased so rapidly in less than 20 years?

______

5. Why do you think that the population declined so rapidly, from 6000 to 42, in 3 years?

______

______

6. What do you think would have happened if wolves had been brought to the island with the

Reindeer? ______

______

Biome / List this info for each biome: Rainfall, Temperature, Soil, Biodiversity, Location
Rainforest / High rainfall/temp (year round), poor soil, highest biodiversity, equator
Desert
Tundra
Deciduous Forest
Grassland

Define ecological succession: ______

Explain the difference between primary and secondary succession: ______

______

______

Define and give an example for: PIONEER SPECIES ______

CLIMAX COMMUNITY ______

IV. Watersheds & Wetlands

Water Cycle: Complete the diagram below. Evaporation, Runoff, Precipitation, Condensation, infiltration, Transpiration, Water Collection (ocean/lake).

** List the phase change for each term where applicable (Liq to solid, gas to liq etc.)

List the percentage of each on the lines.

Fresh water ______& Salt water ______
Of the percentage of fresh water listed above how much is in each category

• Surface ______
• Ground water______
• Glacier/Icecaps______

Water Cycle

1. What controls whether water is a gas, liquid or solid ice?
A. the shape or size of the cup
B. where it has been stored
C. if it is being used for irrigation
D. what its temperature is
3. How can water vapor in the air return to Earth?
A. it evaporates and is blown by the wind
B. it evaporates and forms clouds
C. it condenses then precipitates
D. it sticks to any warm surface it comes in contact with / 2. What source of energy evaporates the most water from Earth’s surface?
A. volcanoes
B. the sun
C. lightning
D. wind
4. On which kind of day would you expect the most evaporation from the surface of a pond?
A cold, rainy
B. cold, sunny
C. warm, rainy
D. warm, sunny
/ 5. Where is water condensing?
A. from A to B
B. from B to C
C. from C to D
D. from D to A
6. Where is precipitation occurring?
A. from A to B
B. from B to C
C. from C to D
D. from D to A
7. Where is water evaporating into the air?
A. from A to B
B. from B to C
C. from C to D
D. from D to A
1. How water get into the groundwater aquifers?
2. Explain why evaporation would occur more quickly in the summer than in the winter.
3. How might water from an ocean end up on a field 30 miles away?
4. List four ways water is stored as it passes through the water cycle.

Stream Characteristics: Explain what the river would look like or what would cause the following characteristics. Use the example as a starting point.

Example  High Temperature: The season is summer, the river is slow moving and probably wide. Many producers.
Low Velocity
High Substrate (Biotic)
High Substrate (abiotic)
Low Turbidity
High Dissolved Solids (Toxic Mercury)
Low Dissolved Gasses (Oxygen)
Acid Rain (pH change?)
High Erosion
High Deposition at the end of the river
Abiotic runoff (fertilizer) runs into a stream

• Start of the river is the ______and the end is the ______
• Delta: forms at the mouth of a river/stream often in the ocean, place where the eroded soil collects
• The continental divide splits the countries water. If water falls on the East, of the divide it goes to the ______ocean. If it falls to the West, of the divide it goes to the ______ocean.

/ *List PA Watersheds on the map.
* List at least three major rivers in your area
List your watershed here:
If rain falls into the Schuylkill river where does the water end up next?
______
Where does it end up in the end? ______

What are two ways we can stop runoff? ______

Draw the pH scale below. Label 1-14, neutral, base and acid. Give 2 examples of each.

Label the following parts of the diagram: River, Stream, tributaries, mouth, source, headwaters, channel, current, delta, Erosion, deposition, ox bow lake

Explain the factors that effect, pollute & change watersheds (Manmade and natural causes).

Farms
Homes
Industry

Explain the differences between the following Wetlands.

Wetland / Types of plants / Types of Animals / Other Characteristics
Bog
Swamp
Marsh

Why are wetlands important (give 3 reasons)? ______

______

______