Aguidetostandardharvardreferencingfortheschoolofnursinghealth Sciences

GOODREFERENCINGGUIDE

AguidetostandardHarvardReferencingfortheSchoolofNursingHealth Sciences

Contents

Whatisreferencing? / 3
TheHarvardStyleofReferencing / 4
Citations / 5
CitationExamples / 6
References / 9
ReferenceExamples / 10
Booksebooks / 10
Chapterinaneditedbook / 11
Journalarticlesejournalarticles / 12
Newspaperarticles / 13
Webpageswebsites / 14
OtherInfo. / 17
Morethan3authors / 17
Noauthor / 17
Sameauthorwith2sourcesonsameyear / 17
SecondaryReferences / 18
TheReferenceList / 19
ReferenceListExample / 20

Referencing

Ineachessayorassignmentyoudoaspartofyourstudies,youwillbeexpectedtoreadappropriateresourcesandtousetheminconstructingyouressay.Youwillusuallybemarkedaccordingtowhetheryouhaveusedappropriateresources –oneswhichareofahighquality,andarerelevanttothetopicyouarewritingabout.Youwillalsobemarkedaccordingtothequalityandaccuracyofyourreferencing.

Whatisreferencing?

It isthe important processof formally acknowledging another person’sideasused inconstructingyouressaysorreports.

Whyreference?

Whenyourefertoanotherpieceofworkyoumustalwaysacknowledgethesourceofthatinformation.

todemonstratetheevidencesupportingyourarguments
tocredittheauthoroftheidea
toenableotherstoidentifyyoursourcesandfollowupyourwork
toavoidaccusationsofplagiarism

Whatisplagiarism?

Plagiarismisaterm usedinacademiafor passingoffotherpeople’s workas

yourown.Thisincludesmaterialorideasfromanysources,whetherwritten,onlinematerialorideasfromotherstudentsoracademicstaff.

TheUniversityofDundeeusedSafeAssignsoftwaretocheckallsubmittedcourseworkforplagiarism.Penaltiesareimposedonanyonefoundtohaveplagiarisedwhetherintentionallyornot.

Goodreferencingisthebestwaytoavoidaccusationsofplagiarism.

TheHarvardsystemofreferencing

Therearedifferentstylesofreferencing.TheSchoolofNursingandHealth SciencesattheUniversityofDundeeusestheHarvardsystem.Thissystemismadeupoftwocomponents:thecitationandthereferencelist.

Citation:thisiswhenyourefertothesource inyourassignmentusingtheauthor(s)andpublicationdate.
ReferenceList:thisisalistofallsourcesyouhaveused.

Thelistisinalphabeticalorderbyauthor
Thelistcomesattheendofyourassignment
Referencesaredetaileddescriptionsofthesources/citationsyouhaveused

Assessmentofreferencing

Inallofyourassignmentsyouwillbemarkedonyourreferencing.Markswillbegivenfor:

ConsistentuseoftheHarvardsystem
Accuracyofyourreferences

CitethemRightonline

Thisonlineresource willhelpyouworkoutcitationsandreferencesforanyresource.Itprovidesexamples,explanations,helpandguidanceonreferencing.Itbasicallydoesallofthehardworkforyou!

Citations

Acitationiswhatyouputinthetextofyourassignmentwheneveryouusesomeoneelse’s ideas.

Thisincludes:

Quoting –copyingtheauthor’sideaswordforwordusingquotationmarks
Referringtoinformation–refertoinformationwithoutgivingspecificdetails
Summarising– using your ownwords to describesomeone else’sideas
Paraphrasing– using your ownwords to rephrase someoneelse’sideas
Usingstatisticsfromasource–suchasfactsandfigures

How tocite…

Inmost casesyouinsert theauthor’ssurname and yearof publication in bracketsafter you haveused the author’s information.

Citationsallowwhoeverisreadingyourassignmenttoeasilyidentifythesourcesyouhaveusedbyreferringtoyourreferencelist.(seepage20)

Whenreadinganyinformationtakeanoteof:

Author
Yearofpublication
Title
Edition
Placeofpublication/publisher
Webaddress

CitationExamples

Adding the author’s surname and yearof publication after the source has beenreferredto.

Addingthe publication datewhenthe Author’ssurnameappearswithin yourtext.

Quotingdirectlyfromasource,includingpagenumbers.

Whenanauthorisanorganisationorcompany(corporateauthor).

Howtocite whenthereisnoauthor(usethe titleinstead)

Howtociteifthereisnopublicationdate(usenodateinsteadofpublicationyear)

Howtocitewhenthereare2or3authorsofthesamesource.(givethesurnamesofthe authorsseparatedby‘and’,followedbypublicationyear.

Howtocitewhenthereare4ormoreauthorsofthesamesource.(usethesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.)

Howtocitewhentherearemorethanoneauthorwiththesameideas.Demonstratingthatmultipleauthorsexpressthesameideacangiveweighttoanidea.(listauthorsinorderofpublicationyear,earliestfirst)

Howtocitewhenanauthorhasmorethanoneitempublishedinthesameyear.(uselowercaseletterse.g.a,b,cetc.,ifreferringtomorethanonesourcepublishedbyanauthorinthesameyear.)

Howtociteaneditedbookwithnonamedauthorsofchapters(surnameofeditorandyearofpublication)

Howtociteachapterorarticleofaneditedbook(surname ofthechapter’sauthorandpublicationyear)

Howtocitesecondaryreferences(seepage18foranexplanationofsecondaryreferences)

References

Areferenceprovidesfurtherdetailsofthematerialcitedorreferredtoinyourassignment.

Areferencecanconsistofsectionsincluding:

Author(s)/Editor(s)
Publicationyear
Title(s)
PlaceofPublicationandpublisher(forbooksetc.)
Volumenumbersandpartnumbers(forjournalarticles)
WebAddresses(forwebsites)
Pagenumbers

Highlightthetitleofeachitemusingitalics.

The author or editor’s initial of their forenameshould be used e.g. Barker,P. orTaylor,B.J.

Abbreviateeditortoed.andeditorstoeds.foryourreferencee.g.Barker,P.,ed.

Yourcitationswillbepartofyourwordcountforyourassignments.TheReferenceListisnotincludedinyourwordcount.

ReferenceExamples

Books ebooks

Iftheebookincludesallthe elementsseeninprintversions(i.e.publicationdetails,editionandpagenumbers),referenceinthesamewayasprint.

Takeyourinformationfromthetitlepageofthebookratherthancover–sometimestheydiffer.

Areferencetoabook,ebookorotherworkssuchasareportshouldincludethefollowinginformation,inthisorder.

Author/editor
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Title(initalics)
Edition(onlyincludetheeditionnumberif itisnot thefirstedition)
Placeofpublication:publisher

Chapter inaneditedbook

It’simportant to include the editor(s) of the book,as thisisthe informationthatwouldbeneededtotracethesource.

Includethefollowinginformationinthisorder:

Authorofthechapter/section(surnamefollowedbyinitials)
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Titleofchapter/section(insinglequotationmarks)
'in'plusauthor/editorofbook
Titleofbook(in italics)
Placeofpublication:publisher
Pagereference

WhenusingCiteThemRight(,signitathomevia‘InstitutionalLogin’andlookforUniversityofDundee.

MakesurethatyouchooseHarvard(author-date)fromthepulldownmenuforrelevantexamplesofsources.

Youcanemailtheexamplestoyourselforsimplycopyandpasteintoyouressayandtypeoverthecorrectdetailsoftheresourceyouwanttoreference.

Journalarticlesejournalarticles

Includethefollowinginformationinthisorder:

Author(surnamefollowedbyinitials)
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Titleofarticle(insinglequotationmarks)
Titleofjournal(initalics–capitalisefirstletterofeachwordintitle, exceptforlinkingwordssuchasand,of,the,for)
Issueinformation,thatis,volume(unbracketed)and,whereapplicable,partnumber,monthorseason(allinroundbrackets)
Pagereference
doi(if available)(see tipbelow)

Whetheryoufindthejournalarticlesorbooktitlesinhardcopyorasan electronicsourceisnotimportant.Referencethedetailsasastraightforwardbookorjournal.

Youmaycomeacrosstheoccasionalbookorjournalwhichisonlyavailableelectronically.Inthatcase,referencesimilartoawebpageorwebsite(seepage15)

DOIstandsforDigitalObjectIdentifier.DOIstagindividualdigital(online)sources.Thesesourcescanrangefromjournalarticlestoconferencepapersandpresentations.Theyincludeanumberidentifyingthepublisher,workandissueinformation.ThefollowingexampleshowshowthedoireplacestheURLinthereference;notethat,asthedoiisthepermanent

identifierforthesource,itisnotnecessarytoincludeanaccesseddate.

Newspaper articles

Includethefollowinginformationinthisorder:

Author/byline
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Titleofarticle(insinglequotationmarks)
Titleofnewspaper(in italics –capitalisefirst letterofeachwordintitle,exceptforlinkingwordssuchasand,of,the,for)
Editionifrequired(inroundbrackets)
Dayandmonth
Pagereference

Yourcitationsandreferencesaddcredibilitytoyourwork.Aretheauthorsrespectedandestablishedintheirfield?Ifnot,itmightbeworthreconsideringwhethertheinformationaddsweighttoyourarguments.

Somejournalsmayaddmorecredibilitytoyourassignmentsthanothersalsoe.g.choosingapeer-reviewedjournalsuchasJournalofAdvancedNursingoveramoremagazinebasedjournalsuchasNursingTimesorNursingStandard.

Webpages Websites

Whenreferencinginformationyouhaveretrievedfromtheinternet,youmustdistinguishwhatyouarereferring to.Theinternetismadeupofjournalarticles,organisationinternetsites,personalinternetsites,governmentpublications,images,companydata,presentations–avastrangeofmaterial.Seepages10-12onhowtoreferenceindividualsources,suchasjournalarticlesandebooks.Youwillfindbelowexamplesofhowtociteandreferenceinternetsitesor webpagesproducedbyindividualsandorganisations.

Thenatureofwhatyouarereferring towillgovernhowyouciteorreferenceit.Youshouldaimtoprovidesufficientinformationforareader tobeabletolocateyourinformationsource.

Webpagewithindividualauthors

Author
Yearthatthesitewaspublished/lastupdated(inroundbrackets)
Titleofwebpage (initalics)
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)

Webpagewithnodate

Author
(nodate)
Titleofwebpage (initalics)
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)

Webpagewithorganisationastheauthor

Organisation
Yearthatthesitewaspublished/lastupdated(inroundbrackets)
Titleofwebpage (initalics)
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)

Webpagewithnoauthor

Titleoftheweb page (initalics)
Yearthatthesitewaspublished/lastupdated(inroundbrackets)
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)

Internetblogs(weblogs)

Blogs(weblogs)areproducedbyindividualsandorganisationstoprovideupdatesonissuesofinterestorconcern.Bewarethat,asblogsaresomeone'sopinions,theymaynotprovideobjective,reasoneddiscussionofanissue.Useblogsinconjunctionwithreputablesources.Notethatduetotheinformalityoftheinternet,manyauthorsgivefirstnamesoraliases.Usethenametheyhaveusedinyourreference.

Includethefollowinginformationinthisorder:

Authorofmessage
Yearthatthesitewaspublished/lastupdated(inroundbrackets)
Titleofmessage(insinglequotationmarks)
Title ofinternet site (initalics)
Day/monthofpostedmessage
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)

Podcasts

Includethefollowinginformationinthisorder:

Author/presenter
Yearthatthesitewaspublished/lastupdated(inroundbrackets)
Titleofpodcast(initalics)
[Podcast]
Day/monthofpostedmessage
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)

OtherInfo.

Morethan3authors:

Listalloftheauthorsinthe reference.

But in the citation, use:(Nicolet al., 2012)

NoAuthors

Somesourcesdonothavespecificauthorse.g.dictionariesandsomejournalarticles.Simplyusethetitleofthesourceinstead.

Thesameauthorwith2sourcesinthesameyear

Uselower caselettersafterthedateifreferring to morethanoneitempublishedinthesameyearbythesameauthor.

Thereferencesshould be listedinthereference list bytheordertheywerecited inthe text.

SecondaryReferences

Secondaryreferencinginvolvesreferringtoadocument,whichyouhavenotseenbutwhichhasbeenusedandcitedinadocumentyouhaveread.

Thisisnotrecommended.Youshouldalwaystrytofindandreadtheoriginalsourcewhenpossible.

However,sometimesitisnotpossibletoconsult theoriginalwork.

Inthetextofyouressayorassignment,youshouldcitebothsourcesandusethephrase'quotedin'or'citedin',dependingonwhethertheauthoroftheworkyouarereadingisdirectlyquotingorsummarisingfromtheoriginal.

Thereferenceinyourreferencelistshouldbethedetailsofthesourceyouhaveread-not the document youhaven’t seen.

TheReferenceList

Areferencelistcontainsthedetailsofthematerialcitedorreferredtoinyourassignment.Onlysourceswhichmatchcitations inyourassignmentsshouldbeincludedinthereferencelist.

Theauthoranddatefromeachreferencefromyourreferencelisthasalreadyappearedinyourassignment.Thereadercancheckeasilybetweenthecitationsinyourassignmentandreferencelistinordertochecktherelevantdetails.

Thelistshouldbe:

Alphabeticalbyauthor(s)/editor(s)orbytitleifnoauthorisgiven
Consistentinstyle
Providingenoughinformationforthereadertofindthesource

Beforesubmittingyourassignmentdoublecheckthatyourcitationsmatchyourreadinglist.Everycitationshouldbeincludedinyourreferencelistandviceversa.

ReferenceListExample

Bullmore, H.(2012)‘Positive wellbeing can help protect against the developmentofmentalhealth problems’,Mental HealthFoundation, 24July.Availableat:

Kozier,B.,Erb,G.,Berman,A.,Snyder,S.,Harvey,S.andMorgan-Samuel,H.(2012)

Fundamentalsofnursing:concepts,processandpractice.2ndedn.Harlow:Pearson.

McKenna,H.(2009) ‘Evidence-based practiceinmental health’ inBarker,P. (ed.)Psychiatricandmentalhealthnursing:thecraftofcaring.2ndedn.London:HodderArnold,2009,pp.30-36.

Mitchell, J. (2007)‘Reflective practice’.NursingStandard,21 (46), p. 59.

Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursingand health professions. 2006.7thed.St Louis:MosbyElsevier.

Nicol,M.,Bavin,C., Cronin,P., Rawlings-Anderson.,Cole,E.andHunter,J. (2012)

Essentialnursingskills.4thedn.Edinburgh:MosbyElsevier.

NursingandMidwiferyCouncil,(2008)Thecode:standardsofconduct,performanceandethicsfornursesandmidwives. London:NMC.

ScottishGovernment,(2010). ThehealthcarequalitystrategyforNHSScotland.

Edinburgh:ScottishGovernment.

Formorehelpandexamples,havealookat:

get ittouch with yourliaison teamforhelp: