Supplementary Table 1. Studies comparing levels of psychopathology between functional dyspepsia patients and healthy controls
Study / Type of study / Population / Control group(s) / Psychological factor(s) / ResultsKoloski et al.S1 / Longitudinal (12 year follow-up) / -general population
-total n=1,775 (baseline) →
n=1,002 (follow-up) / not applicable / - anxiety
- depression / -depression baseline → dyspepsia follow-up
-anxiety baseline → dyspepsia follow-up (trend)
Piacentino et al. S2 / Cross-sectional / - IBS with FD (Rome III)
- tertiary care
- n=26 / IBS without FD
(n=56) / psychological distress (SCL-90-R) (9 subscales) / IBS + FD > IBS - FD on 8 subscales
Hartono et al.S3 / Case–control / - FD (Rome III)
- tertiary care
- n=62 / healthy / - anxiety
- depression / - anxiety: 44% FD > 15% healthy
- depression: 23% FD > 7% healthy
Sattar et al.S4 / Case–control / - FD
- tertiary care
- n=150 / healthy / ‘common mental disorders’ / 71% FD > 15% controls
Lee et al.S5 / Cross-sectional / - FD (Rome III)
- tertiary care
- n=70 / healthy (n=127) / depression / FD > controls
De la Roca-Chiapas et al.S6 / Case–control / - FD (Rome II)
- secondary care
- n=15 / healthy / - stress
- anxiety
- depression / FD > controls
Gathaiya et al.S7 / Cross-sectional / - general population
- total n=659
- dyspepsia n=133 (20%) / no dyspepsia / - somatization
- sleep dysfunction / dyspepsia > controls
Aro et al.S8 / Cross-sectional / - general population
- total n=1,001
- FD n=157 (16%) (Rome III) / no FD / - anxiety
- depression / - anxiety: FD > controls
- depression: FD = controls
Ochi et al.S9 / Cross-sectional / - FD (Rome III)
- tertiary care
- n=168 / healthy (n=130) / perfectionism (6 subscales) / - parental criticism: FD > healthy
- other subscales: FD = healthy
Tominaga et al.S10 / Cross-sectional / - FD (Rome II)
- n=96 / - healthy (n=50) / - anxiety
- depression / - anxiety: FD > healthy
- depression: 28% FD > 11% healthy
Pajala at al.S11 / Cross-sectional / - FD
- primary care
- n=205 / - general population (n=1,552) / mental distress / 38% FD > 15% general population
Koloski et al.S12 / Cross-sectional / - FD (Rome I)
- general population
- n=51 / healthy (n=100) / Abuse / - adulthood physical or emotional abuse: FD > healthy
- other abuse: FD = healthy
Jones et al.S13 / Cross-sectional / - FD (Rome II)
- primary/ secondary care
- n=151 / healthy (n=90) / psychological distress (SCL-90-R) (9 subscales) / FD > healthy on all subscales
Castillo et al.S14 / Cross-sectional / - dyspepsia
- general population
- n=35 / no dyspepsia (n=17) / Somatization / dyspepsia > controls
Jones et al.S15 / Cross-sectional / - FD (Rome II)
- tertiary care
- n=111 / healthy (n=53) / - somato-sensory amplification
- alexithymia / FD > healthy
Locke et al.S16 / Case–control / - FD (Rome II)
- general population
- n=47 / healthy (n=119) / psychological distress(SCL-90-R)(9 subscales) / FD > healthy on 8 subscales
Henningsen et al.S17 / Meta-analysis / FD / healthy / - anxiety (n=871)
- depression (n=3138) / FD > healthy
Malt et al.S18,S19 / Cross-sectional / - FD
- tertiary care
- n=18 / healthy (n=49) / Study 1: speech content analysis65
- anxiety (7 subscales)
- depression (8 subscales)
- hostility (5 subscales)
- hope
- cognitive impairment
Study 266
psychiatric disorders (current & lifetime)
*INTERVIEW* / Study 1: speech content analysis
- death anxiety: FD > healthy
- all other: FD = healthy
Study 2
- mood disorders: FD > healthy
- anxiety disorders: FD = healthy
Li et al.S20 / Cross-sectional / - dyspepsia
- general population
- total n=1016
- dyspepsia n=239 (24%) / no dyspepsia / anxiety or depression / dyspepsia (16%) > no dyspepsia (7%)
Lee et al.S21 / Case–control / - FD
- tertiary care
- n=30 / healthy with unexplained fatigue / - psychological distress (SCL-90-R) (9 subscales)
- perceived stress
- coping (5 subscales) / - psychological distress: D > control 5 subscales
- perceived stress: FD > control
- coping: FD < control 3 subscales
Cheng et al.S22 / Case–control / - FD
- secondary care
- n=30 / healthy / - coping (8 subscales)
- appraisal of stressful life events (3 ratings)
*INTERVIEW* / - coping: FD < healthy 5 subscales
- controllability stressful life events: FD < healthy
Norton et al.S23 / Cross-sectional / - FD (Rome I)
- university students
- total n=127
- FD n=29 / no FD / - anxiety sensitivity
- anxiety
- depression / - anxiety sensitivity: FD > no FD
- anxiety, depression: FD = no FD
Herschbach et al.S24 / Cross-sectional / - general population
- total n=2,201
- dyspepsia n=240 / no dyspepsia / - depression
- somatization
- neuroticism
- hypochon-driasis
- stressful life events
- social support / FD > no dyspepsia
Haug et al.S25 / Case–control / - FD
- tertiary care
- n=100 / Healthy / - anxiety
- depression
- neuroticism
- stressful life events
*INTERVIEW* / FD > healthy
Jain et al.S26 / Cross-sectional / - FD
- tertiary care
- n=35 / healthy (n=45) / - neuroticism
- somatization
- psychiatric disorders
- stressful life events / - neuroticism, somatization FD > healthy
- psychiatric disorders: FD > healthy
- stressful life events: FD = healthy
Jonsson et al.S27 / Case–control / - FD (chronic)
- tertiary care
-n=25 / healthy / - psychological distress (SCL-90)(9 subscales)
- psychiatric disorders
- social support
- perceived distress
- personality (15 subscales) / - SCL-90: FD > healthy somatization only
- psychiatric disorders: FD > healthy
- social support: FD = healthy
- perceived distress: FD > healthy
- personality: FD > controls detachment only
Haug et al.S28 / Case–control / - FD
- tertiary care
- n=100 / healthy / - anxiety
- depression
- neuroticism
- locus of control
- dysfunctional attitudes
*INTERVIEW* / - anxiety, depression, neuroticism: FD > healthy
- locus of control, dysfunctional attitudes: FD = healthy
Hui et al.S29 / Case–control / - FD
- consulters
- n=33 / healthy / - major stressful life events
- daily stressful events / - number of major stressful life events: FD = healthy
- perceived magnitude of major stressful life events: FD > healthy
- daily stressful events: FD = healthy
Bennett et al.S30 / Case–control / - FD
- tertiary care
- n=62 / healthy / - anxiety
- depression
- neuroticism
- coping
- life events
- social support
*INTERVIEW* / FD > healthy
Talley et al.S31 / Cross-sectional / - FD
- tertiary care
- n=31 / healthy (n=128) / - personality & psycho-pathology (11 subscales) / - FD > healthy on 5 subscales
- FD = organic gastrointestinal disease on all subscales
Kok et al.S32 / Case–control / - FD
- consulters
- n=23 / healthy relatives of psychiatric outpatients / - depression
- psychiatric disorders
- personality
- hostility / - depression: FD > controls
- psychiatric disorders: 22% FD > 4% controls
- personality, hostility: FD = controls
Talley et al.S33 / Case–control / - FD
- secondary/ tertiary care
- n=109 / healthy / socioeconomic factors / FD = healthy
Talley et al.S34 / Case–control / - FD
- secondary/ tertiary care
- n=82 / healthy / emotional control / FD = healthy
Talley et al.S35 / Case–control / - FD
- secondary/ tertiary care
- n=76 / healthy / - anxiety
- depression
- neuroticism / FD > healthy
Talley et al.S36 / Case–control / - FD
- secondary/ tertiary care
- n=68 / healthy / life events
- number
- distress score / FD = healthy
Population-based studies are indicated in italics. *INTERVIEW* - these studies used a (semi-structured) psychiatric interview rather than self-report rating scales to assess psychosocial factors or psychiatric co-morbidity. Abbreviations: FD, functional dyspepsia; SCL-90(-R), symptom checklist-90 (revised).
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