Social Studies Review Guide for Georgia Milestones
Causes of the Civil War
North = factories, no slavery
South = large plantations (farms), slavery, states’ rights
Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about the cruelty of slavery
John Brown’s Raid: John Brown took over an armory (government guns) and tries to have slaves rise against their owners
The Civil War
Fort Sumter: started the Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation: Document that Lincoln had created to free the slaves
Gettysburg: Victory for the North that was known as the turning point to lead the North to victory. Lincoln gave a famous speech after this battle
Atlanta Campaign: strategy to capture Atlanta and burn it down to take away the South’s supplies and transportation
Sherman’s March to the Sea: Marched Northern troops through Georgia burning everything and tearing up railroads to get the South to surrender
Appomattox Court House: The South’s general, Robert E. Lee, surrenders to the North’s general, Ulysses Grant, ending the war
Abraham Lincoln: 16th president and President during the Civil War. Later assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
Jefferson Davis: President for the Confederacy (South)
Ulysses S Grant: Main general for the North
Robert E. Lee: Main general for the Confederacy/South
Stonewall Jackson: Important Confederate/Southern general that died during battle
Reconstruction after the Civil War
South = badly damaged, poor economy after the war
North = not much damage because most of battles were in the South, good economy because of factories
Freedmen’s Bureau: made schools and gave jobs to newly freed slaves and poor whites
Sharecropping: Often kept newly freed slaves poor and they basically still worked for their owners by renting the land and buying supplies from them, usually keeping them in debt
13th Amendment: abolished (prohibited) slavery 14th Amendment: Gave slaves citizenship and if born in US = citizen
15th Amendment: gave African-Americans the right to vote
A Changing Nation – America Grows
Cattle Trails: started in Texas and trail led North to Kansas because the railroads were there. Then the cows would be shipped back East because they were worth only $5 in Texas, but often $40 - $50 in Kansas and back East.
Chisholm Trail: One of the most famous cattle trails
Black Cowboys: African-Americans helped with cattle drives because there was less discrimination as a cowboy
Wright Brothers:made the first airplaneAlexander Graham Bell: made the first telephone
Thomas Edison: improved the light bulb and brought electricity to cities
George Washington Carver: Scientist that made many new products with peanuts
Spanish-American War: America went to war with Spain after sinking of the Maine. Gave Cuba & Philippines freedom
Panama Canal: built to shorten distance between N. & S. America. Led to quicker travel and trade
Immigration: Many people moved to America in hopes of a better life, but many ended up still poor living in run-down living conditions
Native Americans: had conflicts with new settlers coming onto their land. Many were forced to relocate on reservations or signed treaties. Some tribes fought back. One well known battle was the Battle of Little Big Horn where Native Americans killed General Custer and all of his men.
World War IThe Roaring 20s
US Enters War: The sinking of the Lusitania and the sinking of trade ships, the US entered the war against Germany
Treaty of Versailles: Ended World War I and made Germany accept responsibility for the war. Also took away German territory, made Germany pay money, and made them have a smaller army
Harlem Renaissance: Time when African-Americans created art, poetry, music, and literature to express their feelings
Louis Armstrong: Famous jazz trumpeter and singerBabe Ruth: Famous baseball player in the 20s
Langston Hughes: famous African –American poetHenry Ford: Made automobiles affordable to everyone
Charles Lindbergh: famous aviator and first to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean
Depression and New Deal
Herbert Hoover: president when the Great Depression began
Franklin Roosevelt: president after Hoover that made New Deal programs to help out during the great Depression
Stock Market Crash: Stocks lost most of their value making many people broke and making banks fail
Dust Bowl: Dry weather and loose soil led to very little crops in the Mid-West, which made many farmers broke
Soup Kitchens: Places where poor and hungry people could get food to survive
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): a New Deal program that helped plants trees, make trails, and build parks
Works Progress Administration: a New Deal program that gave jobs to make libraries, art, roads, etc…
Tennessee Valley Authority: A New Deal program in the South that helped used dams to make power to bring to homes
Duke Ellington: A famous jazz composerMargaret Mitchell: wrote the book Gone with the Wind
Jesse Owens: famous African-American track star that won 4 gold medals at the Olympics
World War II
Main Allied Powers: US, Britain, France, Russia
Main Axis Powers: Germany, Japan, Italy
Pearl Harbor: Japan bombed the US base in Hawaii which caused the US to enter the war
Iwo Jima: The US fought Japan for this island, allowing them to get closer to ending the war with Japan
D-Day: The Allies invaded the Germans in Europe, helping take back France and leading the Germany’s defeat
VE Day: Victory in Europe Day, when Germany surrendered VJ Day: Victory over Japan Day, when Japan surrendered
Franklin Roosevelt: US president during most of World War IIAdolph Hitler: Leader of Germany during World War II
Winston Churchill: Leader of Britain during World War IIBenito Mussolini: Leader of Italy during World War II
Joseph Stalin: Leader of Russia during World War IIEmperor Hirohito: leader of Japan during World War II
Harry Truman: US president at the end of World War II
Hiroshima & Nagasaki: Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on these Japanese cities to get Japan to surrender
Holocaust: the detention and killing of many different people, specifically those with Jewish heritage
Rosie the Riveter: the image used to show that women should help the war effort any way they could (work in factories, ration food, save rubber, etc…)
Tuskegee Airmen: group of African-American pilots during the war that were successful during their missions
United Nations: formation of many countries working together to make peaceful solutions to problems
The Cold War
Iron Curtain: Line used to describe between democratic West Europe and communist East Europe and Russia
Berlin Airlift:US and Britain flew in food and supplies to West Berlin because Russia would not allow them to enter East Germany
Korean War: War between North Korea backed by communist countries and South Korea backed by democratic US
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Group of countries that mainly supported democratic causes
Vietnam: War between North Vietnam backed by communist countries and South Vietnam backed by democratic US. Many US citizens protested the war and thought that we should not send soldiers to help.
Cuban Missile Crisis: Russia sent missiles to Cuba and the US wanted them removed. Almost led to a nuclear war, but Russia removed the missiles from Cuba and the US removed them from Turkey
Joseph McCarthy: US senator that accused many Americans of being communist but he had no evidence to back it up
Nikita Khrushchev: Leader of Russia during much of the Cold War
John F Kennedy: US President during the Cuban Missile Crisis that was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald
Civil Rights Movement
Brown v. Board of Education: case the led to the desegregation of schools
Montgomery Bus Boycott: After Rosa Parks was arrested, citizens of Montgomery did not ride the busses to protest segregation in the busses and to change the law
March on Washington: protest of discrimination and where Martin Luther King gave his “I have a dream…” speech
Space Race: competition between the US and Russia to see who could make the most technology advancements in space. Russia sent the first satellite (Sputnik) and first man to space, but the US landed the first man on the moon
Civil Rights Act:
Voting rights Act:
Martin Luther King, Jr.: Major leader of the Civil Rights movement. Believed there could be a nonviolent solution
Robert Kennedy: Brother of John F. Kennedy who was assassinated in California.
Modern Day
September 11th, 2001: Day that terrorists hijacked 3 planes and flew them into the Pentagon and the World Trade Center killing over 2,000 Americans
War on Terror: Sent troops to the Middle East and Afghanistan to fight against terrorists
Internet and Computers: Improved the ability to find information and communicate. Has increased the advancement of technology throughout the world
Government and Civics
Bill of Rights: grants freedoms to citizens (freedom of speech, religion, assembly, press, to bear arms, no unreasonable searches, right to a trial, no cruel or unusual punishment, etc…)
Due Process: Fair treatment. You have the right to a trial, to call witnesses, and to have a jury.
Amendment Process: 3/4 of the states (38 states) must agree to pass a new amendment
17th Amendment: you are able to elect Senators19th Amendment: Women have the right to vote
23rd Amendment: District of Columbia (US capital) can vote in presidential elections
24th Amendment: no poll taxes26th Amendment: those 18 years and older can vote (was only 21 and older)
Economic Concepts
Opportunity Cost: the second best choice
Specialization: The resources in your area usually lead the area to make certain products or provide certain services
Exchange: Because certain areas specialize in in goods and items, they trade with others to get the other goods and services they don’t have
4 Sectors of the Economy:
- Household: works to make products or provide services, gives money to the government for taxes, buys items from businesses
- Private Business: Provides goods and services to people, but must pay tax to the government
- Banks: lend money to households to purchase goods and services. Lends money to businesses to makes services and provide goods
- Government: collects taxes to pay for military, schools, roads, Social Security, and other services that help households
Geography
Know the following features on the map: Pearl Harbor, HI Montgomery, AL Kitty Hawk, NC Pittsburgh, PA
Gettysburg, PA Great Salt Lake Grand Canyon Salton Sea Mojave Desert Great Western Trail Chisholm Trail