World History – S.L.O. Review

1.Whatwerethemost importantreligious,cultural,economic,andpoliticaldevelopmentsof early Mediterranean societies (Sumer andBabylon)?

  • Location: Modern day Iraq – Fertile Crescent - Mesopotamia (“land between therivers”

– Tigris and Euphrates)

  • Religion: polytheistic – many gods – gods controllednature
  • Government: warriorkings
  • Hammurabi – Hammurabi’s Code – “eye for an eye” – 1st collection of lawcodes written

Economy based onfarming/agriculture

  • Culture revolved aroundcity-states

2.How were religion and politics linked in ancientEgypt?

  • Theocracy – pharaohs(god-kings)

3.How did the first monotheistic religionsdevelop?

  • Hebrews – early Judaism – one God – Heaven and Hell – Moses – TenCommandments (guidelines forbehavior)
  • Zoroastrians – one God – Heaven andHell

4.How did early written languages develop, and what were theircharacteristics?

  • Sumerians – cuneiform – 1stwritten language – wedge-shapedwriting
  • Egyptians – hieroglyphics –pictures
  • Phoenicians – 1st alphabet based on symbols for sounds and spread culture via trade (carriers of civilization)

5.HowdidthedevelopmentofHinduismandBuddhismaffecttheIndiansubcontinent?

  • Hinduism – polytheistic – karma – reincarnation – supported the castesystem
  • Buddhism – Siddhartha Gautama – karma – reincarnation – Enlightenment – nirvana – rejectedthecastesystem -atheist–EightfoldPath–FourNoble Truths –spreadonthe SilkRoads

6.Describe early Latin American native groups:

  • Aztecs and Incas both create empires based on human sacrifice by military conquest
  • Incas use mita labor system to create roads in mountains
  • Aztecs and Incas both conquered by the

7.Complete thischart:

Greek Polis / Roman Republic / Roman Empire
Origins /
  • Polis(s) –separated by mountains and seas
/
  • Myth – Romulusand Remus
  • True-Etruscans,Latins
/
  • Death of Julius Caesar led to rise of AugustusCaesar

Structure /
  • Different typesof gov’t
  • Athens –democracy
  • Sparta – military/oligarchy
/
  • Patricians (rich)vs. Plebeians(poor)
  • Pats had mostpolitical power
  • Senate andConsuls withpower
  • Had some citizen participation with patricians and plebeians
/
  • Empire including most of Europe and parts of N. Africa andMiddle East
  • Had a single ruler with centralized power

8.Complete thischart:

Ideas / Impact
Socrates / Questions / Sentenced to death for “corrupting the youth of Athens”
Plato / The Republic (philosopher- kings)
Aristotle / Scientific Method
Alexander the Great / Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and parts of India / Hellenistic Culture
Julius Caesar / Military hero who named himself dictator for life
Augustus Caesar / 1stRoman Emperor

9.How did Hellenistic (Alexander the Great) and Roman culture make an impact on science andlaw?

  • The mix of ideas resulted in advancement in science and engineering. Roman law codes formedthefoundationofmodernlaw.Hellenistic (Greek)culturespreadbyAlexandertheGreat
  • Roman law principles included trial by jury and innocent until proven guilty

10.DescribetraditionalRomanreligionandexplainhowChristianityspreadthroughout theRoman Empire?

  • RomanreligionsimilartoGreekpolytheism.ChristianityspreadalongRome’sroad network through the teachings of the disciples andapostles

11.What factors led to the collapse of the RomanEmpire?

  • Economic Issues – unemployment,inflation
  • PoliticalIssues–corrupt leaders,empiretoobigtocontrol
  • Other Issues – Rise of Christianity, Barbarianinvasions

12.In what ways was the Byzantine Empire related to the RomanEmpire?

  • Eastern half of the RomanEmpire

13.In what ways did the Byzantine Empire impact the development ofRussia?

  • EasternOrthodoxChristianity,CyrillicAlphabet,RomanArchitecture

14.How did Constantinople become a center for religion, law, andart?

  • Location – peninsula protected by water on three sides and wall on 4thside – in the middle of the known world – perfect fortrade
  • Religion – Hagia Sophia – Eastern OrthodoxChristianity
  • Law – Justinian’s Code – fair and just – basis of modernlaw
  • Art – Architecture andLiterature

15.What was the Great Schism, and why did ithappen?

  • SplitbetweenWesternRomanCatholicChurch(foricons)andEasternOrthodoxChurch (againsticons)

16.How did Islam begin and spread through Africa andthe Middle East?

  • Muhammad foundedIslam
  • Islam spread through trade and militaryconquest

17.Why did Islam split between Sunni and ShiaMuslims?

  • Muhammad died and did not name asuccessor—main issue is choosing who successor to Muhammad should be
  • SunnibelievedanybodyqualifiedcouldleadIslam andbea caliph(AbuBakr)
  • Shia believe in order to lead Islam (caliph) you must be a direct descendantof Muhammad(Ali)

18.WhatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenJudaism,Christianity,andIslam?

  • Similarities: One God, Father Abraham,Jerusalem
  • Differences:
  • Judaism – OldTestament
  • Christianity – New Testament –Jesus
  • Islam – Quran –Muhammad
  • Path to salvation isdifferent

19.HowdidIslamicempiresimpactreligion,law,andartinthe MiddleEastandAfrica?

  • Islam spread through trade and militaryconquest
  • Muslim trade spread into parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia
  • Influenced medicine, art, andscience
  • Unified law code (IslamicEmpire)
  • Art work flourished due to growingwealth

20.HowdidthemanorialsystemandfeudalismaffectpeasantsandkingsinmedievalEurope?

  • Monarch –king
  • Nobles – Vassals -Lords
  • Knights
  • Peasants – Free and serfs (bound toland)
  • Provided protection frombarbarians
  • Manor – land given to vassals and peasants to workon
  • King got money, labor, and militaryservice

21.In what ways was Charlemagne different than most kings in medievalEurope?

  • HewasabletounifyWesternEuropeforthe firsttimesincethecollapseofthe Roman Empire
  • HewouldbecrownedasemperorbythePopeshowingthatthechurchhadauthority over kings and emperors in medievalEurope

22.WhatwastheInvestitureControversy,andwhatweretherolesofPopeGregoryVIIandKing HenryIV?

  • Conflictoverwhoshouldpickhighchurchofficials,(thekingorthechurch?)

23.What was the role of the Church in medievalEurope?

  • Church served as thegovernment
  • Controlled almost all aspects ofsociety

24.How did an increase in trade result in the growth oftowns and cities throughout Europe?

  • Cities grew around where people wanted totrade
  • Trademeantmorepeoplehadjobsproducinggoods.Thesejobswereintowns/cities instead offarms.
  • Trade grew after the Crusades, and they also helped make kings more powerful (monarchs) while reducing power of Church (pope)

25.WhydidthecityofFlorencerisetobe akeycenterforeconomic,cultural,andartistic growth?

  • Ideal location fortrade
  • Rich families (i.e. Medici) who could support the arts(Patrons)
  • Center of the Renaissance – rebirth of art andlearning

26.What were the main political ideas ofMachiavelli?

  • He wrote ThePrince
  • Explainedhowleaderssometimeshavetodobadthingstokeeptheirpowerandforthe overall good of theircountry.
  • A good ruler used fear to rule byforce

27.WhatwerethemainachievementsofLeonardodaVinci,andwhywashecalleda“Renaissance Man?”

  • Da Vinci – artist, scientist, inventor – Mona Lisa, The LastSupper
  • He was skilled at many things (art, math, science, writing, engineering,etc.)

28.What were the main achievements ofMichelangelo?

  • Statue ofDavid
  • Ceiling of SistineChapel

29.What wasHumanism?

  • Focus on individual human achievements – focus more on individuals’ achievementsand focus less onchurch—individual achievements in art are important and it’s okay to enjoy fine things
  • Newbeliefthathumanpotentialwasimportant;thisbegantolimitthepowerofthe church

30.How did Petrarch, Dante, and Erasmus contribute toHumanism?

  • Petrarch: studied classical Greek and Roman literature – “Father ofhumanism”
  • Dante: The Divine Comedy – ChristianHumanist
  • Erasmus:InPraiseofFolly–ChristianHumanist –wantedtoreformthechurch–made fun of thechurch

31.What was the ProtestantReformation?

  • PeoplebegantoquestiontheteachingsoftheCatholicChurchandwantedittoreform
  • Many new denominations of Christianitydeveloped

32.WhatweretherolesofMartinLutherandJohnCalvinintheProtestantReformation?

  • MartinLuther –95Theses–Complaintsagainstthechurch–Salvationbasedonfaith alone – started the ProtestantReformation
  • John Calvin – Salvation based onpredestination

33.What was the Counter-Reformation? (include the Council ofTrent and the Jesuits)

  • The Catholic Church’s response to the ProtestantReformation
  • Council of Trent: Defined Catholic Churchteachings
  • Jesuits: Tried to convert as many people as possible toCatholic—wanted to obey God and church, becomes missionaries, revive Catholicism, created schools (always associate Jesuits as missionaries in New World)

34.WhatwastheEnglishReformation?(Includethe rolesofHenryVIIIandElizabethI)

  • Henry VIII – needed a divorce – Catholic Church would not approve – so madethe Church ofEngland (Anglican)
  • Elizabeth I – Anglican Church – made England Protestant forgood by creating a compromise between the Anglicans (Protestants) and Catholics

35.How did Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press impactEurope?

  • Made Bible moreavailable
  • Helped spread the ideas of the ProtestantReformation
  • Improvedliteracy

36.Completethefollowingchart overthinkersfromtheScientificRevolutionandthe Enlightenment:

Ideas / Impact
Copernicus / Heliocentric theory / * Went against traditional church teachings; used observation and investigation—stress experimentation
Galileo / Improved telescope; discovered 4 moons of Jupiter
Kepler / Elliptical orbits
Newton / Discovered law of gravity
John Locke / Natural Rights (life, liberty, and property) / Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Rousseau and Voltaire lead to democratic governments
Declaration of Independence

37.48Exploration:

Explorer / Accomplishment
Zheng He / Chinese – Treasure ships—established trade cities in SE Asia and India
Vasco da Gama / First European to sail around Africa to get to India
Christopher Columbus / Discovered “New World” – Opened Columbian exchange
Ferdinand Magellan / First explorer to circumnavigate the globe
James Cook / Australia and New Zealand
Samuel de Champlain / Canada (“New France”)

38.What was the Columbian Exchange, and why was itimportant?

  • Trade between the Americas and Europe; made products available to each otherthat they did not have access to prior toColumbus

39.How did improved technology help tostart the “Age of Exploration?”

  • Compass and astrolabe that made navigation easier and moreefficient
  • Caravel is a better ship design, astrolabe helps determine location

40.Label the map of the Triangle Trade with the products carried on eachleg:

HowwereLouisXIV,TsarPetertheGreat,andTokugawaIeyasuallexamplesofabsoluterulers?

  • Eliminatedcompetition
  • Westernized or modernized theircountry
  • Totalcontrol

41.Describe Napoleon’s rise topower.

  • French Revolution led to instability inFrance
  • Napoleon was a military hero that brought stability toFrance
  • He would conquer much of Europe to make France anempire

42.How did geography play a role in Napoleon’s defeat,and how did that defeat affect Europe?

  • Russianwinter

43.Complete the following chart over the Age ofRevolutions:

Revolution / Causes / Results
English / Disagreement between King Charles I and Parliament / Constitutional Monarchy
American / “Taxation without Representation” / American Independence
French / Third Estate had no power and wanted power / Rise of Napoleon

44.HowdidindustrializationstartinEnglandandgo ontoimpactallofEurope?

  • Natural resources such ascoal
  • Textiles
  • Growth of factories andcities
  • Mass Production of products – increase inwealth
  • Negatives – Poor factory conditions, child labor, pollution,etc.
  • Led to imperialism for naturalresources
  • Led to a gap between the rich andpoor

45.What was urbanization, and how did it impact industrializingnations?

  • Growth of cities – pollution and overpopulation – led toimperialism

46.What were ideas of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, and how did they impact theworld?

  • AdamSmith–capitalism–laissezfaire– invisible hand– nogov’tinterventionin economy – “Wealth ofNations”
  • Karl Marx – socialism/communism – proletariat (workers) unite – gov’t controlof economy and factors of production – “CommunistManifesto”—history was a class struggle between have’s (bourgeoisie) and the have-not’s (proletariat)

47.How were the Russo-Japanese War, the Boxer Rebellion, and the Young Turks all reactionsto imperialism?

  • Reactions to get rid of foreign control over theircountries

48.Whatwerethe reasonsbehindEuropeanimperialism,andwhatwereitsimpactsonAsiaand Africa?

  • Empire – Economic, Political, Ideological, Religious,Exploratory—gain raw materials and new markets for goods, White Man’s Burden
  • 90% of Africa controlled by Europeancountries
  • BerlinConference

49.How did nationalism (especially in the Balkans) help to cause World WarI?

  • Countries trying to gain independence and trying to gain power – “Powder Kegof Europe”
  • Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary –Spark that startedWWI

50.How did Europe’s entangling alliance system help to cause World WarI?

  • Friendshelpingfriends –Smallscalewarturnsintoaworldwarbecauseeveryonehasto helpsomebody

51.How did militarism help to cause World WarI?

  • Ascountriesbuildupmilitaries,othercountriesseethatasathreatandbuilduptheir military.

52.Listthenations oftheTripleEntenteduringWorldWarI:

  • Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, and U.S.(late)

53.List the nations of the Triple Alliance during World War1:

  • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire(Turkey)

54.What was World War I like for the soldiers on the frontlines?

  • Trench Warfare – machine guns – tanks - poison gas, no man’s land – trench foot– “shellshock”

55.Describe the Battle ofVerdun.

  • 10monthbattlethatledtomillionsofcasualtiesduetothestalemateoftrenchwarfare

56.What were the most important terms of the 1919 Treaty ofVersailles?

  • War Guilt Clause – Blamed Germany forWWI
  • Reparations – Germany had to pay forWWI
  • Germany was also required to limit theirmilitary
  • Strips territories of Germany and Ottoman Empire and became mandates (ruled by) of the League of Nations

57.WhateffectdidWorldWarIhaveontheRomanovDynastyofRussiaandHapsburgDynastyof Germany?

  • Both collapsed because of economic and politicalissues

58.What were the primary causes and results of the RussianRevolution?

  • Cause: Russia is broke fromWWI
  • Result: Lenin and Stalin rise to power – Russia becomes the Soviet Union and becomes Communist
  • Later, Mao Zedong would led similar revolution in China

59.How did Stalin take power in Russia, and what were the goals of his 5 YearPlan?

  • Lenin dies – Stalin has opponent Leon Trotskyexiled
  • 5YearPlan:Industrialize–catchSovietUnionuptootherindustrializednations

60.What is fascism?

  • Extreme nationalism, single ruler, national unity, propaganda, expansion
  • Grows with bad economy, high unemployment, unhappy workers, lessened national pride

61.How did Mussolini rise to power as the leader of FascistItaly?

  • ItalyhaseconomicproblemsandfelttheydidnotgetenoughoutoftheTreatyof Versailles; Mussolini promises to rebuild the RomanEmpire

62.How did Adolf Hitler and the Nazis rise to power inGermany?

  • Germany humiliated by Treaty ofVersailles
  • Hyperinflation and economicdepression
  • Nazis blame the Jews for allproblems

63.HowdidHirohitobecomeemperorofJapan,andhowdidhisleadershipaffectthenation?

  • Military takes control of the government and Hirohito serves as emperor andfigure- head

64.How was Mohandas Gandhi an example of a nationalistleader?

  • Protested British control of India through civildisobedience
  • Lead to Indian independence andself-rule

65.DescribethetotalitariangovernmentsofSoviet Union,Germany,andItalyinthe 1930s?

  • Totalcontrolofeverything includingpublicandpersonallives –controlledmedia,jobs, ideas, education, thought,etc.. Censorship and secret police both characteristics.

66.WhataggressivemovesbyGermanyandItalyhelpedleadEuropeintoWorldWar2?

  • Hitler invaded the Rhineland, claimed the Sudetenland, invaded Czechoslovakia,and invadedPoland (Central Europe taken by Hitler)
  • MussoliniinvadedEthiopia(N.Africa)andwasattemptingtorebuildtheRomanEmpire
  • Both practice tactics in Spanish Civil War

67.What aggressive moves by Japan led the world towards war in thePacific?

  • Japan invaded Manchuria and Northern China (Rape ofNanjing)

68.Complete to following chart over events in World War2:

Description of Event / Outcome of Event
Pearl Harbor / Japan surprise attacks U.S. naval base in Hawaii / Japan highly damages Pearl Harbor;U.S. declares war on Japan and joins Allies in WWII
Battle of El-Alamien / Battle between Allies and Axis powers in Northern Africa / Allies are able to push German and Italian troops out of N. Africa
Battle of Stalingrad (Impact of geography) / Hitler attacks the Soviet Union / Soviet Union wins because of Russian winter; a turning point for the Allies in WWII
D-Day / AKA Operation Overlord; massive Allied invasion in Normandy, France to push the Germans out of France / Germans are pushed out of France; turning point in WWII for the Allies
Battle of Guadalcanal / Battle in the Pacific; 6 month battle / First Japanese loss on land; massive Japanese casualties
The Philippines / Series of battles in the Pacific
VE Day / Victory in Europe Day / WWII ends in Europe – Germany defeated
VJ Day / Victory in Japan Day / WWII ends in Japan – Japansurrenders after atomic bombs destroy Hiroshima andNagasaki

69.How did Nazi ideology lead to the Holocaust, and what were itsresults?

  • Blame Jews for economic problems and loss inWWI
  • Believe in superior/master Aryanrace
  • Nuremburg Laws – laws againstJews
  • Results—Nuremburg Trials – Nazis tried for crimes againsthumanity

70.WhathappenedatthealliedconferencesatTehran,Yalta,andPotsdam?

  • Tehran – plans for defeating Germany inWWII
  • Yalta – plans for Europe afterWWII
  • Potsdam – plans for defeating Japan and plans for Japan afterWWII

71.HowdidchangingdiplomacyafterWorldWar2leadtothebeginningoftheColdWar?

  • YaltaConferencedividedGermanyandBerlininto4sections;The British,French,and

U.S. Section was non-communist; the Soviet Section was Communist

  • Led to a conflict between Non-Communist and Communistnations
  • “Iron Curtain” – invisible line separating non-Communist nations andCommunist nations
  • Containment – trying contain Communism behind the “ironcurtain”
  • Marshall Plan – Financial support to non-Communistcountries

72.Why was the modern nation of Israelcreated in 1948, and how as it impacted the Middle-East?

  • Created as a refuge for the Jewishnation
  • Also, a strategic location for the United States in the ColdWar
  • Middle-East–ledtoconflictsbetweenMuslims,Jews,andChristians

73.HowdidtheColdWarresultinanarmsrace,andhowdidnationsusediplomacytolimitit (S.A.L.T.)?

  • Competition between nuclear weapons, the more you had the more powerful youwere
  • SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty – limited the amount of nuclearweapons a nation couldhave

74.How did Khrushchev and Gorbachev reform the SovietUnion?

  • Khrushchev – de-Stalinization – continued Cold Warpolicies
  • Gorbachev – glasnost and reversal of Cold Warpolicies

75.Complete the following chart over movements for freedom in the late 20thcentury:

Movement / Description of movement and its result(s)
Anti-apartheid / South Africa – Nelson Mandela helped end apartheid in S. Africa – Apartheid is basically segregation between whites and colored.

76.HowdidthebreakupoftheSovietUnionleadtothecreationofnewnations?(Ukraine, Kazakhstan, &Baltic)

  • ThecountriestakenoverbytheSovietUnionbecomenewcountriesafterthecollapse of the SovietUnion

77.How has terrorism impacted daily life in the modernage?

  • Patriot Act – Can tap into phoneconversations
  • Airport Security – Limited carry-on itemsetc.