Comparison of Forced Vital Capacity among Trumpet Instrumentalists and Water Polo Players
Sara Rose and Kristianne Salcines
Department of Biological Science
Saddleback College
Mission Viejo, CA 92692
Previously, studies have shown significant differences in the forced vital capacity of singers and wind-instrument musicians. In this study, a more comprehensive look was taken at the affect of controlled breathing exercises on forced vital capacity. The scope of individuals who train in controlled breathing was expanded to include athletes. It was predicted that there would be a significant difference in the forced vital capacity of those individuals who train for highly controlled voluntary breathing and those who do not. Ten high school varsity water polo players, ten trumpet players, and ten members of a control group (maybe be more specific about the control group?) were compared to examine this affect. A significant difference was found between the two non-control groups (the water polo players and instrumentalists) and the control group. There was no significant difference found between the instrumentalists and the polo players. You would want to always write water polo instead of polo since they’re two different sports
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, EIB(?, couldn’t even find what it is in google) , and occupational lung disease are all common lung disorders than can cause a great amount of difficulty for those afflicted. Researchers and doctors are constantly looking for ways to make people with such pulmonary diseases more comfortable. It has been suggested for years that breathing exercises can be beneficial in increasing breathing efficiency in patients, though this form of treatment is uncommon. “Many athletes find that a period of precompetition warm-up reduces the symptoms of EIB that occur during their competitive activity,”(I don’t believe that you need to put quotation marks when citing since you are not doing a direct quote.) (Parsons and Mastronarde, 2005). This study looks at the benefits of voluntary breath training. By putting constantly increased amount of pressure on the lungs to perform at a higher efficiency, forced vital capacity can be increased. “Swimmers appear to be a special group of athletes with…larger VC (vital capacity) and total lung capacities (TLC) when compared to controls,”(same thing as above about the citation) (Andrew et al. 1972; Cordain et al. 1990; Doherty and Dimitriou et al. 1997; Pherwani et al. 1989; Zinman and Gautlier 1986). This concept could be applied to patients with pulmonary issues as a successful, drug-free treatment option. In this study, the forced vital capacity of thirty males was measured and analyzed based on their experience in activities which require highly controlled voluntary breathing.
Materials and Methods
This is not materials and methods.
Our findings showed a difference in forced vital capacity (FVC) of the musicians and the polo players. This supported our hypothesis that continuous training of maximum controlled breath causes an increase in maximum breath of musicians and swimmers. Our results greatly correlated with previously completed experiments similar to ours. Our results verified the recent experiment by Jose A. Fiz from the experiment Maximum Respiratory Pressures in Trumpet Players.
There are similar experiments completed that had contradicting outcome to our experiment.They found no difference with the non-musicians and musician’s (FVC) Forced Vital Capacity. However, in our study, participants all had the same length of cardiovascular exercise prior to the taking of measurements and all participants were given very specific instructions for how to use the spirometer in order to ensure accurate measurements. Thinking about what could have caused the contradicting results is the difference in age of the participants used in the other experiment. In our experimentation, we chose subjects within a small age range and of similar experience levels in their activities. We concluded that trumpet players and water polo swimmers have a much greater Forced Vital Capacity than those who are non-swimmers and non-musicians.
(This is your discussion not materials and methods)
Results
Figure 1 shows the significant difference in FVC between the control group and the two others.(Why are you reporting this here? It should be under your graph which already is)
The graph above (There is no graph above!) shows a significant difference between control group and the water polo players and musicians. There is no significant difference in FVC between the water polo players and musicians. (?!)
Graph is missing an X-axis label!
Figure 1. The Forced Vital Capacity of the Control Group showed a significant difference compared to both Water Polo Players and Musicians. (ANOVA Single Factor test P = 0.00023). Error bars are mean -+SEM.
Anova: Single FactorSUMMARY
Groups / Count / Sum / Average / Variance
Water Polo / 10 / 43750 / 4375 / 530138.9
Trumpet / 10 / 42250 / 4225 / 276805.6
Control / 10 / 32200 / 3220 / 212044.4
ANOVA
Source of Variation / SS / df / MS / F / P-value / F crit
Between Groups / 7888500 / 2 / 3944250 / 11.61225 / 0.00023 / 3.354131
Within Groups / 9170900 / 27 / 339663
Total / 17059400 / 29
Figure 2. ANOVA Single Factor showed that the F ratio 11.61 is larger than the F critical value of 3.35. The difference between the control group and the other participants is statistically significant. (F ratio? Shouldn’t you do a Post Hoc test?)
(These tables should not be reported! You only need to report the Mean values and the P-value out of the entire table. Then report if there was a significant difference between the groups.)
Anova: Single FactorSUMMARY
Groups / Count / Sum / Average / Variance
501-509 / 9 / 31050 / 3450 / 181650
510-600 / 11 / 43250 / 3931.818 / 695556.4
601-605 / 10 / 43900 / 4390 / 496000
ANOVA
Source of Variation / SS / df / MS / F / P-value / F crit
Between Groups / 4186636 / 2 / 2093318 / 4.390634 / 0.022339 / 3.354131
Within Groups / 12872764 / 27 / 476769
Total / 17059400 / 29
Figure 3. The ANOVA Single Factor test between the Water Polo Players and Musicians illustrated no difference in their separate Forced Vital Capacity measured in cm2.
(No table needed again)
Discussion
Our findings showed a difference in forced vital capacity (FVC) of the musicians and the polo players. This supported our hypothesis that continuous training of maximum controlled breath causes an increase in maximum breath of musicians and swimmers. Our results greatly correlated with previously completed experiments similar to ours (You’re basically saying the same thing you are saying in your next sentence, I think you can merge them into one sentence instead of two different sentences).Our results verified the recent experiment by Jose A. Fiz from the experiment Maximum Respiratory Pressures in Trumpet Players.
There are similar experiments completed that had contradicting outcome to our experiment.They found no difference with the non-musicians and musician’s (FVC) forced vital capacity (source? Need a citation here). However, in our study, participants all had the same length of cardiovascular exercise prior to the taking of measurements and all participants were given very specific instructions for how to use the spirometer in order to ensure accurate measurements. Thinking about(This is not an essay) what could have caused the contradicting results is the difference in age of the participants used in the other experiment. In our experimentation, we chose subjects within a small age range and of similar experience levels in their activities. We concluded that trumpet players and water polo swimmers have a much greater forced vital capacity than those who are non-swimmers and non-musicians.
Acknowledgements
Matt Rosa, Dana Hills Varsity Water Polo Coach and Dave Weinberg, director of music department in Aliso Niguel High School for letting their students participate as subjects in this experiment. Steve Teh for lending the spirometer and mouth pieces for the subjects to use during data collection.
Literature Cited (There should be at least 5 resources!)
Mickleborough, T.D., Stager, J.M., Chatham, K., Lindley, M.R., Ionescu, A.A. 2008, Pulmonary adaptations to swim and inspiratory muscle training. European Journal of Physiology 103:635-646
Parsons, J.P., Mastronarde, J.G. 2005, Exercise-Induced Brochocontriction in Athletes. Chest 128; 3966-3974
Review Form
Department of Biological Sciences
Saddleback College, Mission Viejo, CA 92692
Author (s):Sara Rose and Kristianne Salcines
Title: Comparison of Forced Vital Capacity among Trumpet Instrumentalists and Water Polo Players.
Summary
Summarize the paper succinctly and dispassionately. Do not criticize here, just show that you understood the paper.
The goal of this study was to see if there is a significant difference in the forced vital capacity of wind-instrument musicians, water polo players and a control group (which included people who do not play wind instruments or swim). A spirometer was used in order to measure the FVC. Three groups were used in this study, which were all students at Aliso Niguel High School. An ANOVA test was run and the result showed that there was a difference between the control group and the two experimental groups but there was no difference between the two experimental groups.
General Comments
Generally explain the paper’s strengths and weaknesses and whether they are serious, or important to our current state of knowledge.
The paper has a good abstract and introduction. It is completely missing its methods, the results were written very poorly and needs to be worked on. Discussion needs to be worked on and 3 primary resources are missing in the Literature Cited.
I believe this is an interesting study, which can add to our current knowledge about this topic but it still needs work to be done on it before it is ready to be published.
Technical Criticism
Review technical issues, organization and clarity. Provide a table of typographical errors, grammatical errors, and minor textual problems. It's not the reviewer's job to copy Edit the paper, mark the manuscript.
This paper was a final version This paper was a rough draft
Methods missing. The tables in the result section should be taken out. Consider doing a Post Hoc test to see if there was any difference reported by your ANOVA. If a Post Hoc test was used already then please report it in the paper. Define EIB. Citations are wrong and need at least 3 more resources. Graph is missing a label. Don’t forget to write out water polo completely.