Supplemental Table 1.Primers used for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).
Gene name / Primer for qPCR / Primer position in the corresponding geneOsGDH1 / Forward (Os1f):
5'-CATGGCAAGGGCATTGCT-3 / PCR product size: 151bp
Reverse (Os1r):
5'-TGTCAAGCCCATTGCTGTTC-3'
OsGDH2 / Forward (Os2f):
5'-GAAAGGTGGCATTCGCTATCAC-3' / PCR product size: 86bp
Reverse (Os2r):
5'-CAACAGCAGTCTTCCATGTCATTAG-3'
OsGDH3 / Forward (Os3f):
5'-GGGAACAAATGCACAGACCAT-3' / PCR product size: 58bp
Reverse (Os3r):
5'-TTGGCTTTCCCGTGACAAC-3'
OsGDH4 / Forward (Os4f):
5'-GCATTCCCTTGTGCATCACA-3' / PCR product size: 80bp
Reverse (Os4r):
5'-TATAAGAACACGGCAGCCAGAGT-3
Osactin2 / Forward (Actin f):
5'-TGCTATGTACGTCGCCATCCAG-3' / PCR product size: 120bp
Reverse (Actin r):
5'-AATGAGTAACCACGCTCCGTCA-3'
Supplemental Table 2. Transcripts of GDH gene family in rice and its origin.
Family member / TIGR locus ID / Full-length cDNA or EST in GenBank accession No. / Library informationOsGDH1.1 / LOC_Os03g58040.1 / AK071839 / flower
OsGDH1.2 / LOC_Os03g58040.2 / AY332470 / root
OsGDH1.3 / LOC_Os03g58040.3 / CI601070 / flower
CX102319 / whole plant
CR284934 / whole plant
CI599459 / flower
CR280427 / whole plant
CI618419 / callus
CR279920 / whole plant
CX107810 / whole plant
CI379901 / whole plant
CI365441 / callus
CI366380 / callus
CI371109 / callus
OsGDH2.1 / LOC_Os04g45970.1 / AK063467 / cold treated callus
OsGDH2.2 / LOC_Os04g45970.2 / AK065301 / shoot
OsGDH3 / LOC_Os02g43470.1 / AK103028 / callus
OsGDH4.1 / LOC_Os01g37760.1 / AK120139 / shoot
OsGDH4.2
OsGDH4.2 / LOC_Os01g37760.2
LOC_Os01g37760.2 / BI808776 / mature leaf
BM420074 / mature leaf
CI315518 / shoot
CB651676 / Leaf at 3 weeks stage which was inoculated with with Rice Blast for 24 hours
CI349968 / flower
CI371116 / callus
CK037787 / whole plant at tillering stage
CI526916 / 1 day after pollination pistil
CI324716 / shoot
CK037794 / whole plant at tillering stage
CB651677 / Leaf at 3 weeks stage which was inoculated with with Rice Blast for 24 hours
BM419742 / leaf at mature stage
CF964411 / whole plant at trefoil stage
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Supplemental Table4. General information of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) proteins obtained from different species.
Name / Re-name according to Purnell et al. (2005) / GenBank Accession No. / Species / Length (aa) / Location of motif / Isoelectric pointa(pI) / Molecular weighta / Estimated half lifea / Instability indexa / PubmedPF02812 / PF00208
EcGDH / Ecgdh-NADP / NP_416275 / Escherichia coli str. K12 substr. MG1655 / 447 / 57-187 / 202-445 / 8.90 / 57.5 / 1.2 / 40.28 (unstable) / 16397293, 9278503
CsGDH / Csgdh-NADP / CAA41635 / Chlorella sorokiniana / 523 / 131-261 / 276-521 / 5.98 / 48.6 / 30.0 / 26.10(stable) / 1718478
CrGDH1 / Crgdh-NAD / XP_001694545 / Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / 448 / 64-194 / 210-446 / 6.32 / 48.6 / 30.0 / 25.93 (stable) / 17932292
CrGDH2 / Crgdh-NAD / XP_001702270 / Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / 450 / 68-196 / 214-448 / 8.20 / 49.0 / 30.0 / 26.46 (stable) / 17932292
PpGDH1 / Ppgdh-NAD / XP_001763642 / Physcomitrella patens subsp. patens / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 6.84 / 44.4 / 30.0 / 20.91 (stable) / 18079367
PpGDH2 / Ppgdh-NAD / XP_001771876 / Physcomitrella patens subsp. patens / 530 / 92-223 / 242-527 / 6.68 / 56.9 / 30.0 / 26.63 (stable) / 18079367
PpGDH3 / Ppgdh-NADP / XP_001752994 / Physcomitrella patens subsp. patens / 579 / 186-316 / 331-577 / 8.14 / 64.4 / 30.0 / 28.28 (stable) / 18079367
PpGDH4 / Ppgdh-NADP / XP_001757478. / Physcomitrella patens subsp. patens / 578 / 191-315 / 330-576 / 7.28 / 64.8 / 30.0 / 24.86 (stable) / 18079367
PpGDH5 / Ppgdh-NADP / XP_001758826. / Physcomitrella patens subsp. patens / 572 / 183-307 / 324-570 / 8.78 / 64.3 / 30.0 / 27.17 (stable) / 18079367
AtGDH1 / Atgdh-NAD;B1 / AAA82615 / Arabidopsis thaliana(thale cress) / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 6.39 / 44.5 / 30.0 / 21.73 (stable)
AtGDH2 / Atgdh-NAD;A1 / AAB01222 / Arabidopsis thaliana(thale cress) / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 6.07 / 44.7 / 30.0 / 26.59 (stable)
AtGDH3 / Atgdh-NAD;B2 / Q9S7A0 / Arabidopsis thaliana(thale cress) / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 5.75 / 44.5 / 30.0 / 20.97 (stable) / 11130713
AtGDH4 / Atgdh-NADP / AAG50868 / Arabidopsis thaliana(thale cress) / 624 / 229-359 / 376-622 / 6.28 / 70.9 / 30.0 / 36.12 (stable)
NpGDH1 / Npgdh-NAD;B1 / CAA69601 / Nicotiana plumbaginifolia(curled-leaved tobacco) / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 6.38 / 44.6 / 30.0 / 22.31 (stable) / 10353219
NpGDH2 / Npgdh-NAD;A1 / CAA69600 / Nicotiana plumbaginifolia(curled-leaved tobacco) / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 6.61 / 44.8 / 30.0 / 21.96 (stable) / 10353219
NtGDH1 / Ntgdh-NAD;B1 / CAD12373 / Nicotiana tabacum(common tobacco) / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 6.57 / 44.6 / 30.0 / 21.11 (stable)
NtGDH2 / Ntgdh-NAD;A1 / AAR11534 / Nicotiana tabacum(common tobacco) / 295 / 1-95 / 111-295 / 5.00 / 31.6 / 1.3 / 21.27 (stable) / 15803323
NtGDH3 / Ntgdh-NAD;B2 / AAR11535 / Nicotiana tabacum(common tobacco) / 295 / 1-95 / 111-295 / 5.39 / 31.4 / 1.3 / 19.57 (stable) / 15803323
ZmGDH1 / Zmgdh-NAD;B1 / BAA08445 / Zea mays / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 6.09 / 44.0 / 30.0 / 25.62 (stable) / 7551585
AoGDH1 / Aogdh-NAD;B1 / CAA09478. / Asparagus officinalis(garden asparagus) / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 6.52 / 44.2 / 30.0 / 21.78 (stable)
AoGDH2 / Aogdh-NAD; A1 / CAA09456 / Asparagus officinalis (garden asparagus) / 199 / / / 23-199 / 5.47 / 20.9
OsGDH1 / Osgdh-NAD; B1 / BAE48296 / Oryza sativa (Japonica Group) / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 6.15 / 44.3 / 30.0 / 26.28 (stable) / 16120687
OsGDH2 / Osgdh-NAD; A1 / BAE48298 / Oryza sativa (Japonica Group) / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 6.21 / 44.6 / 30.0 / 25.92 (stable) / 16120687
OsGDH3 / Osgdh-NAD; A2 / BAE48297 / Oryza sativa (Japonica Group) / 411 / 37-160 / 176-408 / 6.18 / 44.5 / 30.0 / 31.74 (stable) / 16120687
OsGDH4 / Osgdh-NADP / NP_001043333 / Oryza sativa (Japonica Group) / 640 / 245-375 / 391-638 / 6.23 / 71.4 / 30.0 / 38.36 (stable) / 16381971
apI, Molecular weight, Estimated half life and Instability index values were estimated using the web based server at
Supplemental Table 5. General information of the genes encoding glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzymes in two model plants, Arabidopsis (At) and rice (Os). The relative expression levels of these genes were given in Supplemental Fig. 3.
Isozyme / Gene / TIGR Locus / ProbeSetAt / Os / At / Os / At / Os
GS1 (EC 6.3.1.2) / GLN1;1 / OsGS1;1 / AT5G37600 / LOC_Os02g50240 / 249581_at / Os.7909.1.S1_at
GLN1;2 / OsGS1;2 / AT1G66200 / LOC_Os03g12290 / 256524_at / Os.12728.1.S1_at
GLN1;3 / OsGS1;3 / AT3G17820 / LOC_Os03g50490 / 258160_at / Os.48875.1.S1_at
GLN1;4 / OsGS1;4b / AT5G16570 / LOC_Os10g31820 / 250100_at / Os.15104.1.S1_s_at
GLN1;5 a / AT1G48470 / 261305_at
GLN1;6a / AT3G53180 / 251973_at
GS2 (EC 6.3.1.2) / GLN2 / OsGS2 / AT5G35630 / LOC_Os04g56400 / 249710_at / Os.7879.1.S1_at
NADH-GOGAT (EC 1.4.1.13) / GLT1 / OsGLT1c / AT5G53460 / LOC_Os01g48960 / 248267_at / Os.12738.1.S2_a_at
OsGLT2d / LOC_Os05g48200 / 245701_at / Os.27638.1.S1_at
Fd-GOGAT (EC 1.4.7.1) / GLU1 / OsGLU1e / AT5G04140 / LOC_Os07g46460 / 245701_at / Os.7907.2.S1_x_at
GLU2 / AT2G41220 / 266365_at
NADH-GDH (EC 1.4.1.2) / GDH1 / OsGDH1 / AT5G18170 / LOC_Os03g58040 / 250032_at / Os.5406.1.S1_at
GDH2 / OsGDH2.1 / AT5G07440 / LOC_Os04g45970.1 / 250580_at / Os.23560.1.S1_atf
OsGDH2.2 / LOC_Os04g45970.2 / Os.52150.1.S1_x_at
GDH3 / OsGDH3 / AT3G03910 / LOC_Os02g43470 / 259346_at / Os.8131.1.S1_at
NADPH-GDH (EC 1.4.1.3 or 1.4.1.4) / GDH4 / OsGDH4 / AT1G51720 / LOC_Os01g37760 / 256174_at / Os.19115.1.S1_at
aThe gene was used to encode the glutamate--ammonia ligase. Because both GLN1;5and GLN1;6 are encoded the glutamate--ammonia ligase which are similar to GS1;
bNamed the gene following the similar gene in Arabidopsis;
c,dThe genes were used to encode the NADH-GOGAT. With more convenient for writing we named them following the same genes in Arabidopsis;
eThe gene was used to encode the Fd-GOGAT. With more convenient for writing we named it following the same gene in Arabidopsis;
fAlthough we found the probe of OsGDH2.1 from expression databases, we never use it later because the probe is not highly homologous to thegene and not “present”. So here the expression of OsGDH2 is that of OsGDH2.2.
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