The Way Forward

The Way Forward

Summer Version: 23/6/96
Ed Sheldon
Alistair Flutter
Jon Cooke

Introduction

History and Motivation

TWF is built around the 1 opener, designed as a low-level pre-empt. We were introduced to this idea by a system called 'The Science', a natural system in which, with a minimum hand, a four card major is opened whenever possible. The problem with the Science is that the stronger hands which are opened 1M cause difficulties: either they are badly handled, or they make things difficult for the weak canapé types; for example, when the auction starts 1-1NT (as it often does), in order to allow reasonably accurate bidding of strongish hands with 5+4m, 2m must show 5, and canapé types must pass. In order to rectify this deficiency, we play a strong 1 opener.

Early versions of the system featured a four card 1 opening, but we found that this opening was generally more of an inconvenience to the opening side than the opponents, so we moved the types with four hearts into the catchall 1 opening, and had 1 show five (this is a much less drastic step than it would be in the Science, where such a manoeuvre would seriously impair the 1m structure). Now that 1 guaranteed five, the original motive for playing it as limited was irrelevant, so we reconsidered this aspect: we decided that 1 was a better opening than 1 if the opponents intervened, that such a 1 opener worked well in natural systems, and that having the auction 1-1-1 free for artificial purposes (showing 20+ HCP) was extremely useful. Consequently, the range for 1 is now 11-19.

There are several schools of thought concerning the 1 opening in a strong club system. In Icelandic Precision, 1 covers all opening hands with a primary minor suit; this can be very difficult to handle in competition, and big fits are sometimes missed. Original Precision features a much more tightly defined 1 opener, but at the price of a 2 opening for all unbalanced hands with primary clubs, which we feel regularly leads to inferior partscores and missed games. Our approach is to remove the more distributional hands from 1 into 2m (at least six) and 2NT (both minors). 1 is therefore 'balanced' or 'three-suited'.

Our 1NT opener has show 14-16 since the inception of the system. This meshes well with the balanced types we like to open 1 and with our preferred lower limit for the strong 1 opening. We have considered opening 1 on 14-16 balanced and using 1NT for something else (perhaps both minors; perhaps 10-13 balanced with no four card major), but this would cause some difficulty with the 1 response structure, would probably reduce the frequency of 1NT and would either lead to missed games (a balanced 15/16 count opens 1 and runs into competition) or would require the lower limit on 1 to be raised.

Design Principles

There are many situations in designing the relays where arbitrary decisions have to be made. In order to make learning the system easier, some attempt has been made at consistency. The basic rules to remember are:
i. Most balanced types first
ii. Shapes are shown in ascending numerical order, which has the corollaries:
a. High shortage first
b. Low length first
iii. Symmetry. Permutations of a shape generally make the same final bid(s). Shapes aregrouped together the same way on earlier rounds.
iv. Get the hands in by 3NT. If there is not much space, the order above may be violated in order to get all the shapes in by 3NT.
v. Partial information. In the example in (iii), above, the 2NT bid has the meaning 'high shortage'; this is preferred to a structure in which 2NT has a meaning like 'low void or high singleton'. See 1-1-2-2NT for an example.
vi. Right-siding. This is only a major priority in the early rounds of 1 auctions, but is afactor elsewhere, e.g. after 1-1, opener bids 2 with club length, and 2 without.
vii. Linkage. Especially in 'natural' relay auctions, clubs are linked to hearts, and diamonds are linked to spades (so heart bids may show club length, etc.)

Shape Notation

3-1-4-5This is an exact shape, suits in order ---
(31)453-1-4-5 or 1-3-4-5
(31)(45)3-1-4-5, 1-3-4-5, 3-1-5-4, or 1-3-5-4
5431Any (5431)
6(322)3-6-2-2, 2-6-3-2 or 2-6-2-3

Definitions

balanced4333, 4432 or 5332 shape
unbalancedAnything else
coreOf an unbalanced hand: the suits of at least four cards
residueOf an unbalanced hand: the rest of the shape
stiffSingleton

Live and Dead

These refer to the likelihood of a partnership further participating in the auction. Usually this will be obvious, but since our system occasionally depends on the distinction, we give some rules here for the avoidance of doubt. A partnership is live until they:
Pass consecutively after the first bid
or make a pre-empt and pass
or make a limited raise and pass or sign-off
After which the partnership is 'dead'.

Points

Where numbers are used to denote strength of hand, they refer to pure HCP, and denote the total range in the case of unexceptional distribution, so with a 5134 hand (good but unexceptional for 5+4m), the range for 1 is 9-14 HCP; with a 5224 (poor for 5+4m), the range is 10-15, and with 5+5m (exceptionally good), the requirements are less. The ranges are, of course, just a guide.

Sigma Ordering

In several places in the system, the natural order of suits is ---; this arises for two distinct reasons: firstly the order of game bids is 4, 4, 5, 5; secondly, in competitive auctions, the most important suits to be able to show are the majors, but hearts is more important than spades, since it is safer to introduce spades later (we will typically be a level lower). We call this ordering the -order, and use the terms -first and -last in the obvious senses. The term -longest is also used, meaning the longest suit, resolving a tie in favour of the -first suit.

Abbreviations

BALBalanced
INVInvitational
FForcing
F1Forcing for one round
F3NTForcing to 3NT
FGForcing to game
FRGFragment: a three card holding (preferably including an honour; H-x is sometimes OK)
LROBLimit raise or better
mMinor
MMajor
NATNatural
NFNot forcing
PFAPrinciple of fast arrival (i.e. that direct bids show weakness)
RRelay
SPLSplinter

Opening Bids

One-Level 1st and 2nd

116+ any shape, but not suitable for 1 or 1NT
1i. 11-13 balanced, no five card major, not suitable for a 1 opener
ii. 11-15, four hearts and a five card minor
iii. 11-15, (4441) with 4
iv. 11-15, (5/4) in the minors (not 4)
111-19, normal five card major 1 opener
1i. Balanced with four spades (but not 4); 1 is an alternative with poor spades
ii. Four spades and a five card minor; 1 is preferred with 44(05)
iii. Five card major 1 opener
The range is determined by the planned rebid over a 1NT response: if Pass, then 10-13; if 2m
then 9-15; if 2 or 2 then 12-15.
1NT14-16 balanced; perhaps 4-1-4-4 / 6m(322) / (5422); not usually five hearts
NB: 5M + 6m opens 1M

Higher Openings 1st and 2nd

2/12-15, six card suit; four card side suit possible
2Weak two in hearts (according to P&V; roughly 5-9HCP)
2Weak, 8-11 with a six card suit
2NT12-15, at least 5/5 in the minors
3+Pre-emptive
3NTGambling
4NTA 5m pre-empt with a solid suit
See below for 2-level 1st non-vulnerable.

Third Seat

One-level unchanged, but a little more leeway allowed in 1/ openings.
2/12-15, six card suit; four card side suit possible
2/Weak twos, about 0-13HCP
2NT12-15, at least 5/5 in the minors
3NTTo play
See below for 2-level non-vulnerable.

Fourth Seat

116+
112-15 both minors / 12-15 a minor and hearts / balanced 12-13
112-19, five card major 1 opener
111-15, shapes as other seats
1NT14-16
2/12-15, six card suit
2/9-13, six card suit
2NT12-15, at least 5/5 in the minors
3NTTo play

Artificial Pre-emption (1st and 3rd NV)

This is probably not to everyone's taste, and is an optional part of the system.

2Opening bid with six clubs or a weak two in diamonds
2Opening bid with six diamonds or a five card heart weak two
2Six card heart weak two or a bad spade weak two
2Good spade weak two
The weak options in 2m are extremely weak in first seat (about 0-7).
In first seat the distinction between the spade weak twos is constructive/non-constructive, as at other vulnerabilities. In third seat, we distinguish between a five and a six card suit.

Auctions after 1-1 (negative)

Opener's Rebid

120+ HCP, any shape (1 = 0-4 any; 1NT+ = game-forcing)
1Five spades, 16-19 HCP
1NT17-19 balanced (system on)
2Natural, at least five, 16-19 HCP
2+Natural, primary diamonds, 20-24
2NTSpecific card ask

Continuations after 1-1-2NT

3No aces
3A, etc.
After Ace holding is clarified (responder has at most one) the next relay is for kings (+2 relays for queens); responder bids his lowest card (step 1 = none), +1 asks for another unless responder is known not to have any owing to his negative response.

Continuations after 1-1-1-1

1NT20-22 balanced (system on)
2Artificial, game-forcing (2 = balanced; 2NT/3 = /; 3+ = (4441), short in bid suit)
2Show hearts/spades/clubs respectively; F1
2NT23-25 balanced (system on)

Positive Responses to 1-1-1

1NTHearts
2Spades
2Balanced (2NT = balanced relay)
2/Show the link minor
2NT+4441, shortage in bid suit (2NT = )

Continuations after 1-1-1-2-2NT and 1-1-1-1-2-2-2NT

3No four card major, not 4333 [3 = R (3/ = five in link; 3NT = (23)44); 3/ = five]
3One four card major [3 = hearts (3 = spades; 3NT = hearts, but 3-4-3-3); 3 = spades]
3/Five in the other major
3NT33(43)

Continuations

Natural bidding until the suit is set, which may be by a raise, a jump or a cue-bid. Responder's jumps show shortage; opener's are cuebids (sources of losers). After suit agreement, responder freely cuebids first and second round controls; opener bids his 'source of losers' - a suit of AQx/AKx quality. Opener's 4NT is a trump ask along GSF lines (bidding the trump suit is the weakest action, otherwise, the more you bid, the more you have). Responder's 4NT shows good trumps.

Positive Responses to 1

Classification of Hands

We treat 7+/4 and 4441 hands as special cases. Unbalanced hands are called two-suiters if they have two suits of at least four cards (5440 hands are two-suited in the two four card suits). Other unbalanced hands are one-suited.

Initial Response

1Spades: one or two-suiter, balanced (no other suit), 44(41) or 7/4 with four or seven spades
1Balanced (spades not the only long suit) or two-suited with both minors
1NTHeart single-suiter or two-suited, hearts and clubs
2Two-suited, hearts and diamonds
2Club single-suiter
27/4 without long spades or (14)44
2+Diamond single-suiter

Resolution of Two-Suiters

2Void somewhere [2NT = high void; 3 = (5440); 3// = low void: 5/5, 4/6, 6/4]
2No void, low length, resolved as 3+ below
2NT5+/5+, no three card suit
3High length, high singleton
3High length, 5422
3/High length, low singleton: 5/4, 6/4
After showing a 5+/5+, step one is either a hand that wishes to set responder's better suit or a hand that wishes to set the second suit (step one = my longer suit is the first (now normal suit setting); steps two+ = my longest suit is the second); step two sets the first suit. After suit setting, responder gives range, then residue (1-2, 2-1, 1-1, 0-2, 2-0, 0-1, 1-0, 0-0), then keycards & spirals.

Resolution of Single-Suiters

2High shortage or 7222 [3 = 7222 or 7330; 3+ = singleton/doubleton, as below]
2NTMiddle singleton/doubleton [resolution as below]
3Middle or low void [3 = middle; 3 = low; 4 = eight, middle; 4 = eight, low]
3Low singleton/doubleton: 6322, 6331, 7(32)1
4Eight card suit, low singleton (8221)
4Eight card suit, two singletons (8311)
Note: with 8311 and 6322 shapes, the shortage below the fragment is shown

Resolution of 1 Response

2Both minors, resolved as above
2Balanced with four hearts:
23-4-3-3 (3) or 5(332)
2NT4 & 4
3/4 & 4
3/4 & 4
24 & 4m (2NT/3 = 4 & 4; 3/3 = 4 & 4)
23-3-3-4 (3) or 5(332)
2NT4 & 4
3+3-3-4-3 (3) or 5(332)

Resolution of 1 Response

1NTSpades (2) or spades and hearts (2+)
2Spades and diamonds
2Odd types: balanced or 7/4 or 4441
2+Spades and clubs

Continuations after 1-1-1-2-2

25(332) or 4-3-3-3 (3)
2NT7+/4, four spades
344(14)
3+7+/4, seven spades (now residue: 1-1, 0-2, 2-0, 0-1, 1-0, 0-0)

Resolution of 2 Response

2NT7+/4, low length
3(14)44
37(+) & 4
37(+) & 4
3+7(+) & 4

When Opener has a Void

The relays do not work well when opener has a void. If possible, we tell responder about our void by bidding step two at some stage: on the first occasion shows a heart void, then diamonds, clubs, spades. If we manage to do this, then we continue the relays, displaced by one step, but it is impossible to set opener's void suit. Also, when the suit is set, responder ignores the ace of opener's void suit in his initial keycard response. The suit is scanned until responder denies the next card in line (the ace coming first, in with the side kings).

Zooming

If there are 'spare' bids between a shape bid and 3NT, then we use these to show extra information about responder's hand. By an unpassed hand we show the range: 3 shows extra values and is forcing past 3NT; bidding 3NT shows a minimum; if available, 3 shows an in-between hand (continuations: responders hand known to be weak). The ranges are roughly 8-12,12+ or 8-9,10-13,14+. When responder is a passed hand we show whether or not he has a stop in his fragment (the -first three-card suit) or, if he has no fragment, the quality of his -longest suit. In both cases, the more he bids, the better the holding.

Continuations after 1-1

Opener may of course relay with 1NT, or show a heart void with 2. He may also bid 2 and above to show both minors, anticipating a problem with choice of games (so probably a minimum strong club with a singleton or two small doubletons). The hands are shown by the usual two-suited scheme, but with no range resolution. Responder relays and may then bid 3NT to play, bid a terminator, or set a suit in the usual way. Opener may also bid 2 to show a minimum strong club, single-suited in a minor with a side singleton. Responder relays for the minor (clubs/diamonds) and then for the singleton (spades/hearts/other minor), before bidding 3NT, or a terminator, or setting a suit.

Other Relay Breaks

The first priority is to show the 'scared' big two-suiter(s), the ones where partner, with a misfit, may make a big jump next time, i.e.

1-12 = reds
1-1-1-1NT2 = minors
1-1-1-22 = roundeds
1-1-1-22NT = minors; 3 = roundeds (low length first)

1-1-1NT-22 = majors

1-1NT2 = pointeds
1-1NT-2-22NT = minors; 3 = blacks

1-22 = blacks

1-22NT = reds; 3 = pointeds; 3 = majors

After these have been taken care of, we can set the suit early, or make a specific card ask. Details coming at some point.

Interference over 1

Direct intervention

DblPass = 0-5; RDbl = 6-7, any shape; 1 = 5-7, five hearts; 1+ = system on
If Dbl showed hearts, then 1 shows the -first suit Dbl did not show
1Pass = 0-5; Dbl = 6-7 any shape; 1+ = system on
1Pass = 0-7; Dbl = 1 response; 1+ = system on
After these negatives, a 1 bid (or a double of a 1 bid) still shows any 20+. Other bids natural.
Over 1 or higher overcalls, Dbl shows a balanced hand (around 7+). Pass = weak or length in bid suit; opener's reopening double is takeout.
11NT/2/2 = transfers (6+); 2 = 8+, 4441/5440, short spades
1NT2 to 2 = transfers
22 to 2 = transfers; 2NT = 8+, 4441/(544)0
22/ = NAT F1; 2NT = clubs; 3 = short diamonds
22 = NAT F1; 2NT/3 - transfers
2-3Transfers
3+Bids natural, forcing to game
Bids from the cue-bid upwards show specific 5/5 two-suiters, in ascending order (minors, roundeds, reds, blacks, pointeds, majors), excluding combinations with RHO's bid suit.

Intervention in relay sequences

System on if we haven't lost more than one step over the duration of the auction. Pass is the cheapest step, then Dbl/RDbl, then bids. Opener's Dbl in direct seat is penalties, not void showing; Pass, and RDbl when responder has passed are relays.

Intervention after 1-1

Natural bidding; takeout doubles from both sides.

Auctions after 1

Initial Response

1Hearts or a game-forcing relay or a balanced 12-count
1Spades (generally five), less than a game-force (NF in theory)
1NT0-11 balanced; opener may pull to his five card minor, and must do this with a maximum, to
allow responder to make an invitational raise
2/Natural, non-forcing, about 8-11
2/Natural and weak
2NTBoth minors: 5/5, 6-9
3/Natural, invitational to 3NT opposite 11-13 BAL
3/Shortage, both minors (4m NF)
3NTTo play

Opener's Rebids after 1-1

111-13 balanced, not four hearts [2 = R, consistent with 4+ INV]
1NTBoth minors, not four hearts [2 = R, FG]
2Four hearts unbalanced, at least three diamonds [2 = R, INV+]
2Four hearts unbalanced, short diamonds (doubleton or less) [2NT = R, FG]
2Four hearts minimum, balanced or 4-4-4-1 [2NT = R, FG]

Continuations after 1-1-1-2

23/2 in the majors [2NT = R: 3-2-4-4, 3-2-3-5, 3-2-5-3]
2Three hearts, not four spades [2NT = R: 3= 2 & 3; 3+ = 3 & 3]
2Four spades [3 = R: 4-2-(3-4), 4-3-3-3, 4-3-2-4, 4-3-4-2]
Note: if 2NT is a relay, then responder's 2 shows a balanced invite.

Continuations after 1-1-1NT-2

2NTHigh shortage, resolved as below
3No shortage: 3 = 2-2-4-5; 3/NT = 2-2-5-4, max/min
33-1-4-5 max
33-1-5-4 max
33-1-4-5 min
3NT3-1-5-4 min

Continuations after 1-1-2-2

2Minimum [2NT = R, FG]
2Maximum [2NT = R, FG]
3Maximum 4-4-4-1

Continuations after 1-1-2-2-2/-2NT

3Stiff : 1-4-4-4, 1-4-3-5, 1-4-5-3
3Void : 0-4-4-5, 0-4-5-4
32-4-5-2
33-4-5-1
3NT4-4-5-0

Continuations after 1-1-2-2NT

35 minimum: 2-4-2-5, 3-4-1-5, 4-4-0-5
34-4-1-4
3+5 maximum

Continuations after 1-1-2-2NT

3Three spades: 3-4-3-3, 3-4-2-4, 3-4-4-2
3Two spades: 2-4-3-4, 2-4-4-3
3+Four spades: 4-4-2-3, 4-4-3-2, 4-4-4-1

Opener's Rebids after 1-1

1NT11-13 balanced or semi-balanced: natural continuations
25 maximum (14-15)
25 maximum (14-15)
2Good raise to 2
2Bad raise to 2

Opener's Rebids after 1-1 by a Passed Hand

1Both minors (may continue with 2 to show three)
1NT11-13 balanced, not 4
24 & 5, maximum (2 = game-try)
24 & 5, maximum
2Minimum raise to 2 (but Pass was an option)

Interference over 1

1-(Dbl)

PassNeutral (opener scrambles, SOS redouble)
RDblOne minor
1Hearts
1Spades
1NT4+4
2m5m+4
25+4m
2Weak

1-(1)

DblT/O, i.e. both minors (1 = balanced, antipositional or no stop)
1Five
1NTNatural, sound
2/Natural, F1
2Balanced game-force
2Weak
2NTNatural, sound
3Splinter

Similarly over 1 overcall

1-(2)

DblTakeout
2Natural, forcing
2NT/3Transfers, F1
3Splinter

Similarly over 2 and 2

Responder is a passed hand

Cue-bids and 2NT bids show both minors. Three minor is natural and non-forcing.

Continuations after 1-1-(overcall)

Openers rebids after Dbl or 1 detailed below; natural with takeout doubles over higher intervention. If it is still plausible to relay, we retain the system structure, collapsing the structure only on the last shape-showing bid. If they intervene after the auction has become unambiguously game-forcing, we play as in other relay auctions.

1-1-(Dbl)

PassBalanced, not 3
RDblBalanced with 3
1Minors, not 3
1NTMinors, with 3
2+System on