Animal Physiology – Assignment #1 – Introduction to Physiology
Go to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZQMjZRv16E&list=PLFCE4D99C4124A27A&index=54 and watch the video on Organ Systems.
Go to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djtc7WUmT_c&list=PLFCE4D99C4124A27A and watch the video on Cooperative Interactions.
Go to: http://dpapbio.wikispaces.com/Unit+Content At this site, click on each Prezi specified below.
Essential Knowledge 4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter.
Go to the Introduction to Physiology link, scroll down and play the Animal section of the Prezi. Answer the following questions.
1) Fill in the chart below on the four types of tissue that makes up all animals.
Tissue Type / Function / Where Found?Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
2) Study the picture in the bottom-left corner of the animal section of the Prezi.
A) What gases are being exchanged in an animal? Be specific…what gas is entering and what gas is exiting?
B) What organ system moves these gases into and out of the body?
C) Once the gas needed for cellular respiration enters the body, what system moves the gas throughout the organism so it can be distributed to all cells?
D) What process moves gases from where they are in a high concentration (the blood stream, for example) to where they are in a low concentration (a cell, for example)?
E) Once cells produce waste products, what system removes the waste product from the organism?
F) What organ system breaks down macromolecules into their simplest parts and moves those nutrients into the bloodstream?
G) Where is interstitial fluid found in an organism?
3) What is the job or function of the nervous system with respect to homeostasis in an animal?
4) Describe the relationship between the following pairs of organ systems:
A) Circulatory and Respiratory:
B) Excretory and Circulatory:
C) Circulatory and Digestive:
D) Endocrine and Nervous:
E) Endocrine and Circulatory:
F) Immune and Circulatory:
5) Explain one specific example of how an animal efficiently exchanges materials with its environment.
6) Explain one specific example of how an animal’s environment places a constraint on its physiology.
Animal Physiology – Assignment #2
Transport – Circulatory & Respiratory System
Go to: http://dpapbio.wikispaces.com/Unit+Content At this site, click on each Prezi specified below.
Essential Knowledge 4.A.4: Organisms exhibit complex properties due to interactions between their constituent parts.
Essential Knowledge 2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation in different environments.
Essential Knowledge 4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter.
Go to the Transport link on the main page, scroll down and play the Animal section of the Prezi – Circulatory System. Answer the following questions.
Circulatory System:
1) Explain the difference between an open and closed circulatory system and give an example of a living organism that has each type of system.
Open:
Closed:
2) Over time, the heart has evolved from a 2-chambered heart to a 3-chambered heart and finally a 4-chambered heart. Use a red colored pencil to shade the high O2 areas of circulation and a blue colored pencil to shade the high CO2 areas of circulation in each heart diagram.
Now study the colored diagrams above and answer the following:
A) Why is the three-chambered heart more efficient than a two-chambered heart?
B) Why is the four-chambered heart the most efficient?
C) A mammal is an endotherm (warm-blooded) animal. How is a four-chambered heart a beneficial adaptation?
3) Complete the chart on the components of blood:
Blood Component / Function(s)Plasma
Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Platelets
4) Differentiate between the systemic and pulmonary circuit of blood flow.
On the heart diagram below, shade systemic blood flow red and the pulmonary blood flow blue.
5) Blood always flows in one direction. What structures are located in the heart which continue to move blood in the same direction?
6) In the heart diagram above, use a black pen and trace the flow of blood through the heart, starting with the right atrium.
7) Complete the chart below on blood vessels.
Type of Blood Vessel / FunctionArtery
Vein
Capillary
8) The capillaries are the only exchange area in the circulatory system -- where the respiratory gases, O2 and CO2, are exchanged. Study the diagram on blood velocity, cross-sectional area, and blood pressure (in the Prezi) and: A) explain why blood slows down as it enters the capillaries, and B) what role this plays in gas exchange
A)
B)
9) Which blood vessels contain one-way valves to assist blood in flowing back to the heart?
10) Complete the chart below on several disorders of the circulatory system:
Disorder / Cause / Symptoms / TreatmentAtherosclerosis
Embolism
Aneurysm
11) Watch The Blood Mobile video and tell what happens at each organ listed below, with respect to blood and what the blood is transporting:
A) Lungs à
B) Heart – Right Ventricle à
C) Heart – Left Ventricle à
D) Small Intestine à
E) White Blood Cells à
F) Glands à
G) Liver & Kidney à
Go to the Transport link on the main page, scroll down and play the Animal section of the Prezi – Respiratory System. Answer the following questions.
1) List the three characteristics of a respiratory surface:
A)
B)
C)
2) What is the respiratory surface in:
A) Amphibians?
B) Fish?
C) Terrestrial Vertebrates?
3) Explain how the “countercurrent multiplier” or “countercurrent exchange” systems enhances O2 pickup and CO2 drop-off in gills. Use the diagram and remember that O2 always wants to move from a higher partial pressure (PO2) to a lower partial pressure.
4) Explain how insects use trachea to exchange gases.
5) In the mammalian respiratory system diagram below, write the function to the right of each labeled structure.
6) Draw arrows on the diagram of the alveoli and lung capillaries below showing the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Use a red pencil for oxygen and a blue pencil for carbon dioxide.
7) Pay very close attention to the section of the Prezi titled: From Air to Blood and Back. It is extremely important that you understand how O2 and CO2 are transported in the blood.
A) Oxygen Transport in the Blood:
a. Remember, erythrocytes or red blood cells carry LOTS of hemoglobin and hemoglobin carries O2. What is the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin with respect to oxygen loading/unloading?
b. What is the relationship between pH and hemoglobin with respect to oxygen loading/unloading?
B) Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood.
a. Hemoglobin has some affinity for CO2; therefore, some CO2 is carried by hemoglobin in the blood.
b. Study the diagram and explain how CO2 is converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
C) Control – Imagine you start exercising and soon after you are breathing faster and faster. Use the information in the “Control” section to explain what is happening in your respiratory and circulatory system with respect to CO2 concentration, pH, and the brain/nervous system.
8) Complete the chart below on several disorders of the respiratory system:
Disorder / Cause / Symptoms / TreatmentAsthma
Emphysema
Infant Respiratory Distress
Animal Physiology – Assignment #3
Thermoregulation
Go to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSUCdLkI474 and watch the Bozeman Biology video on Thermoregulation. Answer the questions
1) Methods of Heat Transfer
Method / ExplanationConduction
Convection
Radiation
Metabolism/Respiration
2) Ectotherms vs. Endotherms
Method of Thermoregulation / Advantage / DisadvantageEctotherm
Endotherm
3) What gland in your brain acts as your “internal thermostat”?
Go to: http://dpapbio.wikispaces.com/Unit+Content At this site, click on the Thermoregulation and Osmoregulation Prezi.
Essential Knowledge 2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation in different environments
Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism.
1) What is thermoregulation?
2) What is the major source of heat production in organisms?
3) Why do endotherms have a higher metabolic rate?
4) Study the diagram on the Prezi below the Canadian Goose that addresses controlling heat exchange in organisms. Also study the diagram that follows and then answer the following questions.
A) As you exercise, your body will release ______, which is a by-product of metabolic reactions.
B) Give a step-by-step explanation of how your body cools itself if you become too hot while exercising.
C) Now, give a step-by-step explanation of your body will heat itself if you are outside on a cool winter day.
5) Explain WHY the skin is the major mechanism of heat exchange between animals and their environment. THINK!
6) Using what you know about the properties of water, explain why the ocean is considered a “heat sink”.
7) Using the provided diagrams of the Canadian Goose and the Bottlenose Dolphin, explain how counter-current exchange decreases heat loss in these organisms.
8) Examine the pictures provided and explain the heat exchange strategy for each organism in the chart below. Be specific.
Organism / Type of Strategy / Explanation of the Strategy in their EnvironmentHippopotamus / Endotherm
Lizard / Ectotherm
Harbor Seal / Endotherm
Dragonfly / Ectotherm
9) What is the relationship between metabolic rate and temperature in an ectotherm?
10) Note what BMR or Basal Metabolic Rate is. Now, look at the graph, think critically and answer the following question: Why do larger endotherms consume more oxygen per hour than smaller endotherms?
11) Study the “Energy Budgets Diagram” and answer the following questions.
A) Compare the 4 kg penguin (endotherm) to the 4 kg snake (ectotherm). Which one uses more energy to thermoregulate? ______Explain why.
B) Compare the .025 kg mouse to the male penguin in terms of activity. If they are both endotherms, why does the penguin use more of its energy budget than the deer mouse?
12) If you adjust the metabolic rate per unit of body mass in an endotherm, you will see that smaller organisms will use much more oxygen per unit of mass than a large organism. Why do you think this is the case?