Although Times Were Hard in the United States Throughout the Great Depression They Were

Name ______

Date ______Period______

WORLD WAR II:

Guided Notes

•  Although times were hard in the United States throughout the Great Depression they were worse in other countries.

DICTATORS of WWII

•  Rise of dictators throughout ______

•  ______- form of government that controls every aspect of citizens lives

STALIN

•  STALIN- “______” leader of the Soviet Union after the death of ______, who started the ______

•  ______- a totalitarian system of in which a single authoritarian government party controls state-owned means of production

•  Stalin’s Goals

–  Increase ______- 5 year plan forming ______- government owned farms

–  ______(by 1937, 2nd largest industrial power)

•  Stalin’s ______- killing off party officials

MUSSOLINI

•  Mussolini- “______” the leader, organized the fascists party after WWI

•  Fascism- philosophy which places importance of the ______

•  Marched on Rome in 1922 with “______” and was named Prime minister out of fear by the king

•  Outlawed elections, labor unions, political parties

•  “The Country is Nothing without Conquest”

HITLER

•  Hitler- Led the ______after WWI

•  Nazism- philosophy of ______under a single leader. Purifying race-______(blond hair, blue eyes)

•  1923- failed attempt to over throw German’s government, jailed, wrote “Mien Kampf”- ______while in jail

TOJO

•  General Hideki Tojo- 1941- became leader of ______Japan

•  ______- Philosophy of increased military power with a strong sense of nationalism

•  Main goal- prepare the nation for ______

League of Nations Tested

•  ______- Italy Invades Ethopia

•  1936- ______Invades North Africa

•  1936- ______- Franco becomes dictator overthrowing their republic

•  1936 Germany occupies the ______(west Germany)

•  ______- Germany occupies the Sudentantlands (Austria, Czechoslovakia)

Policies and Pacts

•  APPEASEMENT- ______

•  Munich Pact- Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France agree to ______to take the Sudetenland

–  Churchill “By this time next year we shall know whether the policy of appeasement has appeased, or whether it has only stimulated a more ferocious appetite”

•  Non-Aggression Pact- Hitler signs a non aggression pact with ______in 1939 to avoid a two front war

WWII BEGINS

•  ______- Sept 1st 1939- France and Britain declare war on Germany

•  Blitzkrieg- “______”

•  1940- Germany invades ______

•  ______Stands Alone…

•  1940-______- RAF (______) defeated Germany in the air and defended their homeland, despite the bombings and damage

United States Claims Neutrality

•  1935- ______- prevented US from supplying arms to nations of conflict

•  1939- Cash and Carry Policy- amendment to the neutrality acts where countries could ______

•  1941- ______- lending arms to Britain

Japan attacks US

•  ______- December 7th 1941- Japan surprise attacked Pearl Harbor, a naval base in Hawaii

•  Less than 2 hours… 2,400 Americans Died, 1,200 wounded, 18 Ships and 300 aircraft damaged or destroyed

•  “A Day that will Live in Infamy”

•  US ______

•  ______declare war on the US

Chapter 35: American Prepare for War

American Economy Organizing for War

•  ______- WPB- switching to wartime industry, depression ENDS!

•  GDP- Gross Domestic Product- total value of ______, up 116% from 1940-44

•  ______- used to finance the war

•  National Debt ______- 1940 50 million 1944 over 200 million

•  ______- legal restrictions of prices used to control inflation

American GI’s

•  GI- ______

•  Assembling a Fighting Force- draftees and volunteers, Preparing the troops to fight- 8 weeks of training, Hardships and Opportunities- Fear, Homesick, Stress, but a feeling of pride, and liberty in their country

Japanese Americans

•  “Enemy Aliens”- ______ancestors living in the US had to carry an ID card to prove they were not spies

•  ______- Center for confining people for reasons of national security

•  Executive Order 9066- Feb. 1942, over ______

•  ______- Fred Korematsu refused to go to an interment camp, convicted in court. Civil rights can be set aside during a time of war.

•  Life in Internment Camps- rows of barracks, barbed wire fences, one room apartments, common bathrooms and dining areas. No physical labor or harm.

Women at War

•  ______- 6 million additional women took jobs outside the home to help wartime production, pay still less and some hostility

•  “The more women at work, the sooner we win”

•  WAC- ______, WAVES, SPARS, all behind the lines in the war effort (nurses, pilots, radio operators)

African American Fight for TWO victories

•  Chicago Defender proposed a question “why die for democracy for some foreign country when we don’t have it hear?”

•  ______- victory of democracy at home and abroad

•  Tuskegee Airmen– ______1941, showed African Americans could handle the most demanding assignments. Shot down 400 German attackers and never lost a bomber plane to enemies

•  Equality on the Homefront- race riots over jobs and inequality occurred. NAACP and CORE set the stage for post war civil rights movement

Jewish Americans

•  ______- Nazi Germany’s systematic murder or 11 million people

•  Anti Semitism, Nuremburg Laws, and Kristalnacht

•  Secret State Police or Gestapo placed the Undesirables in ______

•  ______- death camps, extermination centers with gas chambers

•  ______- 1944 agency created for Jewish refugees to stay at centers in Italy and North Africa at US army camps (to escape the holocaust)

Mexican Americans

•  Many Mexican Americans left the Fields and joined the army or worked in industrial centers for war production

•  ______- 120,000 manual laborers from southern Mexico worked in the fields for food production

•  Zoot Suit Riots- Clash between ______in Barrios (Mexican Neighborhoods)

Chapter 36: Fighting World War II Name ______Date ______Per____

Preparing for War

•  “______”- FDR and Churchill

•  Axis Powers control most of Europe

–  Hitler expands ______into the Soviet Union

–  Hitler expands South into ______(Egypt)

–  European suffer under German Occupation

•  Jewish Ghettos, to Concentration Camps, to ______“final solution”

•  Roosevelt and Churchill had to decide their strategy in Europe and had many options including:

–  Invade German occupied ______

–  Direct attack on______

–  Allied Offensive in ______

–  Moving Troops to the ______to help the Red Army defend Hitler

War in Europe, 1942-45

•  Allies invade North Africa and Italy

–  1942-43: Dwight D Eisenhower led troops into Tunisia from ______and ______

–  British Forces stopped Rommel (German) and forced him out of ______

–  ______- North Africa Battle led by Generals George Patton and Omar Bradley defeated the Italian and German forces in North Africa, Mussolini was removed from office and killed

•  Battle of STALINGRAD (Soviets take Hitler alone, ______)

–  Hitler invaded the ______and attempted to use the Blitzkrieg method to take over Stalingrad

–  Russians began a______and took down the Nazi assault

–  ______, the large territory, and Hitler’s refusal to ______helped the Soviets Win

–  ______in the War, Soviet Union Victory

–  200,000 Germans died and over 1 million Soviets in this battle

•  GERMAN Bombings

–  Americans used Precision bombing (______) on German Territory

–  British used______ bombing (dropping mass quantities of bombs over a wide area)

–  Goal of German bombings: destroy oil fields, factories, railroads, and overall destroy Germany’s capacity to wage war

•  D-DAY- the day the invasion began

–  Operation Overlord, June 6th 1944, Invasion of Normandy (a region in ______.) Largest sea invasion.

–  Eisenhower sent 1,200 warships, 800 transport ships, 4,000 landing craft, 10,000 airplanes, and hundreds of tanks

–  Allies liberated ______, France in August 1944

•  Allies liberate Nazi Concentration Camps

–  Americans liberate France, Soviets chased Germans out of the Soviet Union

–  The Nazi Party attempted to kill any remaining prisoners of the ______and shipped about 60,000 to other camps in Germany.

–  Soviet Soldiers who stumbled upon concentration camps were disgusted. They found 28 railcars packed with ______and many survivors died within weeks of liberation. SS doctors attempted ______on 3,500 prisoners

–  ______- systematic killing of a racial, political, or cultural group

–  Holocaust- systematic, state-sponsered, persecution and murder of ______and other minority groups by the ______

•  Battle of the Bulge- Last ______in Belgium (Ardennes Region) where US was the weakest. General ______came to the rescue holding off the Germans

•  The Red Army had fought its way through Poland. Hitler committed ______on April 30th with Soviet Soldiers ½ mile from his bunker.

•  VE Day- Victory in ______Day was celebrated May 8th 1945 following Germany’s surrender

War in the Pacific

•  Japan had acquired many territories by 1942, after Pearl Harbor

–  Singapore, Hong Kong, Guam, Wake, Philippines, and Burma.

–  American owned Philippines under ______ resisted Japanese takeover. Roosevelt forced MacArthur to leave but he vowed “______”

–  Bataan Death March- Japanese rounded up ______Prisoners and marched them 63 miles to a prisoner camp. On the march, nearly 7,000 died.

•  Doolittle’s Raid- Colonel James Doolittle, led bombers to Japan to hit major cities including ______on April 18th, 1942.

•  Battle of Coral Sea

–  Japan was moving towards ______

–  US sent Aircraft carriers to stop them

–  Battle fought entirely in the ______

–  Americans gained a strategic victory (Japan’s navy could ______) although fairly similar losses

•  Different Strategies, with limited supplies location was key

–  Build bases in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska

–  Build bases in China

–  Liberating Japanese held territory in the Pacific

•  Battle of Midway, June 1942

–  ______

–  Fought entirely in the ______

–  Japan’s last offensive attack, US was now on the ______

•  ______- liberate different Japanese controlled islands in the Pacific

–  Thousands of soldiers died in many of the Island hopping battles including; Guadalcanal, New Guinea, Tarawa and Saipan.

•  Battle of Iwo Jima

–  Bloodiest of the war

–  22,000 Japanese fought to death also using ______- flying their planes directly into enemy fleet

–  6,800 Americans died in this US victory

•  Battle of Okinawa

–  Hand to hand combat for 2 months claimed the lives of 12,000 American soldiers and more than 100,000 Japanese soldiers, last obstacle

•  Manhattan Project- Top Secret program to develop an ______, headed by Robert J. Oppenheimer

–  Tested in New Mexico Desert, July 16th 1945

•  Truman’s Decision…

–  Drop the Atomic Bomb and save American lives but introduce a deadly weapon and kill Japanese civilians, but end the war quickly

–  Invade Japan, loosing thousands of American lives and similar number of Japanese, extend the war for an unestimated time and cost

•  US Bombs dropped on ______(Aug 6th) and ______(Aug 9th) killing a combined 120,000 Japanese and up to 250,000 deaths from burns, radiation poisoning, or cancer

•  ______ - Victory in Japan day- celebrated on August 14th 1945, but many mourned the losses of their loved ones.

Chapter 37: Aftermath of WWII: World Organizations

•  ______- Designed to provide loans to help countries recover from the war and develop their economies.

•  International Monetary Fund (IMF)- goal was to stabilize the world ______and establish uniform ______for foreign currency

•  General Agreement on ______and ______(GATT)- lower tariffs and eliminate barriers to international trade

•  UNITED NATIONS- June 1945, ______nations signed the charter for the new International Peace Keeping Organization to further the causes of peace, ______, and ______

•  ______- freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear

•  UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS- 1948- affirms basic human rights including right to ______, ______, and ______before the law and our 4 freedoms listed above.

Dealing with the Defeated Axis Powers

•  WAR CRIMES- ______of internationally accepted practices related to waging war : TRIBUNAL- ______

•  NUREMBERG WAR CRIMES TRIALS- 22 members of the Nazi party were tried with crimes against ______. 12 were hanged, 7 prison terms, and 3 acquitted

Rebuilding Germany and Japan

•  Germany- divided into ______zones, (US, France, GB, and USSR) and each would directly rebuild Germany

•  Japan- General Douglas ______helped rebuild Japan

–  Dissolving Japan’s empire, Disbanding their military, Parliamentary government was set up, 1951 Japan restored their independence

Americans Adjust to Postwar Life

•  GI Bill of Rights- help war veterans adjust to civilian life. Provided funds for ______and buying homes

•  African Americans Seek new opportunities through use of the GI Bill but with segregation and discrimination it was ______

•  Women left the factories and some went home, but others changed jobs to the ______; nurses, teachers, librarians, social workers, and bank tellers.

•  The war was over, but the 1950s will bring on new obstacles to overcome in The United States