Nervous, Muscle, & Cardiovascular Systems
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University / Leader: / Chelsea P
Course: / AnS 214
Instructor: / Dr. Koltes
Date: / 10/11/17
- What is the difference between the clusters of cell bodies called nuclei and those known as ganglia?
- There is no difference between nuclei and ganglia.
- Nuclei exist in all cells throughout the body, and ganglia exist only within the brain and spinal cord.
- Nuclei exist in the CNS, ganglia in the PNS.
- Nuclei exist in the PNS, ganglia in the CNS.
- Which of the following membrane ion channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane potentials?
- Voltage-gated channels
- Chemically gated channels
- Mechanically gated channels
- Non-gated channels
- The sensory, or afferent, division of the peripheral nervous system transmits information from the ______to the CNS.
- Kidney
- Skin
- Heart
- Stomach
- Which of the following statements best describes the membrane situation in the resting state in the neuron?
- All the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
- Only the voltage-gated K+ channels are open.
- Only the voltage-gated Na+ channels are open.
- Only the voltage-gated K+ are closed.
- Which of the following events is NOT involved in the transfer of information across a chemical synapse?
- A neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis.
- Direct flow of ions from one neuron to the next.
- Neurotransmitters bind to the postsynaptic receptors.
- Calcium channels open in the presynaptic region.
- Which of the following electrical events occurs when a certain threshold is reached?
- Resting membrane potential
- EPSP
- Action potential
- IPSP
- Where on the graph do we see potassium ions leaving the cell, causing the cell to go past its resting membrane potential
- 1
- 3
- 5
- 4
- During which phase of an action potential are voltage-gated K+ channels open, while voltage gated Na+ channels closed?
- Repolarizing phase
- Resting state
- Regeneration
- Depolarizing phase
- Normally a cell is at -70mv. A potential of -90 mV is considered:
- A normal resting potential
- A graded potential
- Depolarized
- Hyperpolarized
- Which of the following defines “integration”?
- Increasing the level of one substance in response to a decrease in the level of another
- Monitoring changes both inside and outside the body.
- Activating effector organs.
- Processing and interpretation of sensory input and determining what should be done each moment in the body.
- A neuron will not respond to a second stimulus of equal strength to the first stimulus to which it has already responded because:
- The neuron is myelinated.
- Action potential generation is an all-or-none phenomenon.
- The neuron is in the absolute refractory period.
- Neurons are self-propagating cells.
- The ______cells are found in the CNS and the ______cells are found in the PNS, both wrapping around nerve fibers:
- Schwann cells, Oligodendrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells
- Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes
- Astrocytes, Schwann cell
Use the diagram below to answer questions 13-14
- The circled region is known as the ______, where the action potential is generated
- Axon hillock
- Axon terminal
- Dednrite
- Synapse
- What number indicates where calcium enters causing neurotransmitter containing vesicles to be excocytozied into the synpatic cleft
- 2
- 5
- 1
- What is the correct sequence of the following events?
- Neurotransmitter is released
- Action potential reaches the axon terminal
- Calcium ions enter the axon terminal
- Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the post-synaptic cell
- The post synaptic cell depolarizes.
- 2, 3, 1, 4, 5
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
- 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
- 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
- The ______serve as a communication network that coordinates the contraction of each myofibril that makes up the muscle fiber.
- T-tubules
- Thin filaments
- Z discs
- A bands
- Acetylcholinesterase:
- Activates acetylcholine.
- Breaks down acetylcholine.
- Is another name for acetylcholine.
- Helps acetylcholine bind to its receptor.
- Myofibrils are composed of repeating contractile elements called:
- Actin
- Myofilaments
- Sarcomeres
- Myosin
- Which of the following statements is false?
- During contraction, the distance between Z disks of a sarcomere decreases.
- During contraction, thin filaments slide past think filaments so that actin and myosin filaments overlap.
- During contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments so that actin and myosin filaments do not overlap.
- During contraction, actin-myosin cross bridges form.
- What would happen if a muscle became totally depleted of ATP?
- The muscle would remain in a contracted state due to an inability to break actin-myosin cross bridges.
- The muscle would exhibit isometric contraction.
- The muscle would relax and lengthen due to an inability to sustain actin-myosin cross-bridges.
- The muscle would exhibit isotonic contraction.
- An entire muscle is surrounded by:
- Epimysium
- Endomysium
- Perimysium
- Epidermis
- As an axon enters a muscle, it branches into a number of axonal terminals, each of which forms a neuromuscular junction with a single fiber. A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies is called a:
- Neuromuscular junction.
- Motor end plate.
- Motor unit.
- Synaptic knob.
- What is the ion released from the terminal cisternae that combines with troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin, resulting in the formation of the cross bridge?
- Na+
- K+
- Mg2+
- Ca2+
- The sequence of electrical changes that occurs along the sarcolemma when a muscle fiber is stimulated is known as the:
- Membrane repolarization
- Membrane hyperpolarization
- Action potential
- Motor end plate potential
- All of the following terms refer to the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus, except:
- Excitability
- Responsiveness
- Irritability
- Contractility
- Elasticity refers to the ability of a muscle fibers to:
- Shorten forcibly when adequate stimulated
- Receive and respond to a stimulus
- Be stretched
- Recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched
- A sarcomere is part of a:
- Perimysium
- Endomysium
- Myofilament
- Myofibril
- Which of the following statements about slow twitch muscle fibers is false?
- Slow-twitch muscle fibers are smaller than fast-twitch fibers.
- Slow-twitch muscle fibers have a higher rate of ATPase activity than fast-twitch fibers.
- Slow-twitch muscle fibers are fatigue resistant.
- Slow-twitch muscle fibers take a longer time to relax than fast-twitch fibers.
- Which of the following is a regulatory protein of muscle?
- Actin
- Myosin
- Tropomyosin
- Ca2+
- The time lapse between the beginning of stimulus and the beginning of a twitch is called:
- Refractory period
- Contraction phase
- Relaxation phase
- Latent period
- What is it called when there is no relaxation at all between muscle contraction stimuli?
- Unfused tetany
- Fused tetany
- Temporal summation
- Spatial summation
Use the diagram below for question 32
- In the diagram above myosin is in a low energy state
- True
- False
- After actin and myosin bind ATP will be regenerated. All of the following are ways ATP is regenerated EXCEPT
- Aerobic repsiration
- Anerobic respiration
- Hydrolysis
- Direct phosphorylation
- Cardiac output is:
- The number of times the heart beats in one minute.
- The number of impulses fired by the SA node in one minute.
- The amount of blood pumped out of the heart during every ventricular contraction
- The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute
- Choose the correct sequence of current flow through the heart wall.
- SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches.
- AV node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches.
- SA node, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers.
- AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundle of His, eight and left bundle branches.
- Identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart.
- Right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right atrium
- Left atrium, left ventricle, right, ventricle, right atrium, and lungs
- Left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right ventricle, right atrium
- Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle
- The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which:
- The muscle cell is not in a position to respond to a stimulus of any strength.
- The muscle cell is ready to respond to a threshold stimulus.
- The muscle cell is ready to respond to any stimulus.
- A cardiac muscle cannot respond to any stimulus and lasts only 1 to 2 milliseconds.
- The pacemaker of the heart is the:
- AV node
- Bundle of His
- The bundle branches
- SA node
- The ability of some cardiac muscle cells to initiate their own depolarization and cause depolarization of the rest of the heart is called:
- An action potential
- Automaticity
- Fibrillation
- A functional syncytium
- On the electrocardiogram, repolarization of the atria is represented by the:
- P wave
- QRS complex
- T wave
- It does not appear since it is obscured by the QRS complex
- Myocardial ischemia may cause:
- Cardiac stenosis
- Cardiac defibrillation
- Angina pectoris
- Cardiac arrest
- Which of the following structures allow one cardiac cell to electronically stimulate another by allowing ion flow across the intercalated discs?
- Fascia adherens
- Gap junctions
- Desmosomes
- Intercellular folds
- When the atria depolarize and contract, which of the following is occuring?
- Ventricular filling
- Ventricular ejection
- Atrial filling
- Atrial ejection
Use the graph below to answer question 44-45
- What number represents calcium influx casuing depolarization
- 3
- 1
- 2
- I don’t know
- #3 on this graph represents inactivation of ______channels
- Calcium
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Iodine
- Which of the following would lead to a decrease in heart rate?
- Norepinephrine
- Parasympathetic stimulation
- Exercise
- Sharply decrease blood volume
- Cardiac contractions
- Are spontaneous and rhythmic
- Exhibit automaticity
- Have a relatively short refractory period
- A and B are both true
- Stimulation of a cardiac cell
- Is initiated by Na+ diffusion into the cell
- Is stimulated by Ach binding to Na and K channels
- Triggers the expulsion of Ca out of the cells
- Is unnecessary, as the cell fires spontaneously, without preceding changes in membrane potential
- Repolarization in cardiac muscle
- Occurs at a faster rate than in skeletal muscle
- Is determined by Na levels in the cell
- Results from the gradual inactivation of Ca channels
- Is determined by the opening of Na channels
- The ejection fraction
- Is a function of cardiac output, divided by the end diastolic volume
- Is decreased by exercise in an athlete’s heart
- Depends on both the pre-contractile filling of the ventricles and strength of ventricular contractility
- Increases with increasing end systolic volume