Earth Science Final Exam Study Guide June 2014

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EARTH SCIENCE FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE JUNE 2014

Minerals, Rocks, Geologic Time and Fossils

1. Explain how each rock type forms:
2. Sedimentary –

1. Metamorphic –

1. Igneous –

1. Define:
2. Weathering–

1. Bio-clastic

1. Foliated –

1. Non-foliated –

1. Intrusive –

1. Extrusive –

1. Can any rock turn into any other type of rock? Explain.

1. List 2 examples of each rock type (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary).

1. Would you expect an intrusive or extrusive igneous rock to have a larger grain size? Explain.

1. Explain where on Earth you might find each rock type (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary).

1. Describe the 3 types of metamorphism.

1. When looking at layers of rock, where is the oldest? Where is the youngest? Explain.

1. What is an index fossil? How are they useful?

1. In which type of rock are fossils found? Why?

1. How do you perform the test for mineral hardness?

1. What is luster?

1. Why should you look at a mineral’s streak instead of its color?

Mineral / Color / Luster / Streak / Hardness / Density (g/mL) / Chemical Composition
Biotite mica / Black / Glassy / White / Soft / 2.8 / K(Kg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH2)
Diamond / Varies / Glassy / Colorless / Hard / 3.5 / C
Galena / Gray / Metallic / Gray-black / Soft / 7.5 / PbS
Graphite / Black / Dull / Black / Soft / 2.3 / C
Kaolinite / White / Earthy / White / Soft / 2.6 / Al4(Si4O10)(OH)8
Magnetite / Black / Metallic / Black / Hard / 5.2 / Fe3O4
Olivine / Green / Glassy / White / Hard / 3.4 / (Mg,Fe)2SiO4
Pyrite / Brass yellow / Metallic / Greenish-black / Hard / 5.0 / FeS2
Quartz / Varies / Glassy / Colorless / Hard / 2.7 / SiO2

1. Analyzing the table, which mineral has a density between 2-3 g/mL, soft hardness, and a color different from its streak?

1. How do fossils support the theory of plate tectonics (include at least two specific pieces of evidence)?

1. What is radiometric analysis and how can it help scientists?

1. Date the following formation from oldest to youngest (A-D including the fault!)

1. Write a scientific explanation that answers the following question: What is the youngest formation in this cross section (A-D including the fault)?

Water, Oceans, and Climate

1. Define each water cycle term:
2. Condensation –

1. Precipitation –

1. Evaporation –

1. Transpiration –

1. Groundwater –

1. Where can you find liquid water in the atmosphere?

1. List the areas of water storage on Earth. Which holds most of the water?

1. When, in the water cycle, does water have a chance to enter the ground?

1. Define porosity.

1. Define permeability.

1. How are porosity and permeability related?

1. When, in the water cycle, does water collect as water vapor?

1. Define each water pollution term:

1. Thermal pollution –

1. Biodegradable pollution –

1. Chemical pollution –

1. Radioactive pollution –

1. Sediment pollution –

1. Nutrient pollution –

1. What is an aquifer?

1. Does groundwater move? Explain.

1. Explain how glaciers formed the Great Lakes basin.

1. Explain how fecal coliform can be used as a water quality indicator.

1. Explain what a high turbidity level means, in terms of temperature, dissolved oxygen content, and overall appearance.

1. From the data below, create a bar graph. Be sure to include a title and labels for your graph.

Sources of Pollution / Percentage
Industry / Manufacturing / 25%
Domestic / Household / 30%
Farming / Agriculture / 40%
Other / 5%

1. What source produces the most pollution?

1. What is the total percentage from the top 2 sources of pollution?

1. Which area (equator or poles) absorbs the most energy from the sun? Why?

1. What causes the Coriolis Effect?

1. Explain how ocean currents are deflected in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres because of the Coriolis Effect.

1. Explain the difference between a maritime and continental climate.

1. What is density?

1. How does temperature impact density?

1. How does salinity impact density?

Weather, Severe Weather, and Climate Change

1. Define:
2. Air mass –

1. Weather front –

1. Dew point –

1. Air pressure –

1. What are the components of weather?

1. Answer using the station model:

1. Cloud cover –
2. Wind direction –
3. Wind speed –
4. Temperature: -
5. Dew point –
6. Air pressure –

1. Answer using the station model:

1. Cloud cover –
2. Wind direction –
3. Wind speed –
4. Temperature: -
5. Dew point –
6. Air pressure –

1. Create a station model using the following information:

1. Temperature 54°F
2. Dew Point 41°F
3. Wind Speed 15 knots
4. Wind Direction E
5. Air Pressure 1013.2
6. Cloud Cover 25%

1. Explain how each weather type forms:

1. Hurricane –

1. Tornado –

1. Thunderstorm –

1. List 3 dangers of a thunderstorm.

1. What are safety precautions that you should take during each type of severe weather :

1. Hurricane –

1. Tornado –

1. Thunderstorm –

1. What is the greatest threat to humans during a hurricane?

1. What often forms from a thunderstorm super cell?

1. What scale is used to measure tornadoes? Hurricanes?

1. If a hurricane has a pressure of 972mb and winds of 164km/hr, what category is the hurricane?

1. What would we call the storm if it is weaker than a category 1 hurricane?
2. What is climate?

1. What is global warming?

1. Are greenhouse gases a good or bad thing? Explain.

1. What are the main greenhouse gases?

1. How have carbon dioxide levels changed over the last century?

1. What is the main reason for this change?