ONLINE APPENDIX: List of studies included in qualitative analysis1-239
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6.Xu YH, Huang XM, Song HJ, Qiu ZL, Luo QY. 131I-SPECT/CT found an ovarian metastasis covered by iliac metastasis on 131I whole-body scan in a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2011;36(5):363-364.
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19.Tan PK, Chua CL, Poh WT. Thyroid papillary carcinoma with unusual breast metastasis. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1991;20(6):801-802.
20.Agrawal A, Agrawal R, Asopa R. Detection of metastases to internal jugular vein and superior vena cava on 131-I scan. Clin Nucl Med. 2009;34(12):934-935.
21.Sanioglu S, Sokullu O, Ozgen A, Demirci D, Sargin M, Bilgen F. Unusual metastasis of the papillary thyroid adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87(6):1928-1930.
22.Alzaraa A, Stone J, Williams G, Ahmed I, Quraishi M. Direct spread of thyroid follicular carcinoma to the parotid gland and the internal jugular vein: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2008;2:297.
23.Kao CH, Hung GU, Tsai SC. Papillary thyroid carcinoma with angioinvasion of the great vessels shown on an I-131 whole-body scan. Clin Nucl Med. 2001;26(10):881-882.
24.Wechalekar K, Haq M, Harmer C, Cook G. Metastatic thyroid carcinoma causing superior vena caval obstruction diagnosed on I-131 scan. Clin Nucl Med. 2005;30(8):548-549.
25.Chakravarthy VK, Rao ND, Chandra ST. Study of papillary carcinoma of thyroid with uncommon sites of metastasis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;62(2):198-201.
26.Khan OA, Roses DF, Peck V. Papillary thyroid carcinoma metastatic to skin may herald aggressive disease. Endocr Pract. 2010;16(3):446-448.
27.Agriantonis DJ, Hall L, Wilson MA. Utility of SPECT/CT as an adjunct to planar whole body I-131 imaging: liver metastasis from papillary thyroid cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2009;34(4):247-248.
28.Cupisti K, Ramp U, Raffel A, Krausch M, Rehders A, Knoefel WT. Multiple giant scalp metastases of a follicular thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol. 2008;6:82.
29.Alwaheeb S, Ghazarian D, Boerner SL, Asa SL. Cutaneous manifestations of thyroid cancer: a report of four cases and review of the literature. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(4):435-438.
30.Beasley NJ, Walfish PG, Witterick I, Freeman JL. Cause of death in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(6):989-991.
31.Rangaraju R, Anil K, Venniyoor A, Singh H, Ranjan S, Kapur B. Unusual responses to thalidomide in refractory solid tumors. Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008;4(2):113-117.
32.Takeshita Y, Takamura T, Minato H, et al. Transformation of p53-positive papillary thyroid carcinoma to anaplastic carcinoma of the liver following postoperative radioactive iodine-131 therapy. Intern Med. 2008;47(19):1709-1712.
33.Kelessis NG, Prassas EP, Dascalopoulou DV, Apostolikas NA, Tavernaraki AP, Vassilopoulos PP. Unusual metastatic spread of follicular thyroid carcinoma: report of a case. Surg Today. 2005;35(4):300-303.
34.Kouso H, Ikegami T, Ezaki T, et al. Liver metastasis from thyroid carcinoma 32 years after resection of the primary tumor: report of a case. Surg Today. 2005;35(6):480-482.
35.Mackie GC, Shulkin BL. Amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism in a patient with functioning papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and extensive hepatic metastases. Thyroid. 2005;15(12):1337-1340.
36.Kraft O. Hepatic metastasis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2005;8(1):44-46.
37.Tiong HY, White SA, Khanna DS, Furness PN, Nicholson ML. An unusual presentation of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid. 2001;11(6):591-593.
38.Namwongprom S, Nunez RF, Yeung HW, Kim EE, Macapinlac HA. Unusual adrenal metastasis and abdominal carcinomatosis secondary to Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2007;115(10):694-696.
39.Toyota N, Asaga H, Hirokawa M, Iizuka H. A case of skin metastasis from follicular thyroid carcinoma. Dermatology. 1994;188(1):69-71.
40.Meyer A, Behrend M. Is pancreatic resection justified for metastasis of papillary thyroid cancer? Anticancer Res. 2006;26(3B):2269-2273.
41.Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Morowitz D, Van Nostrand D, et al. Metastases of well-differentiated thyroid cancer to the gastrointestinal system. Thyroid. 2010;20(4):381-387.
42.Salvatori M, Perotti G, Rufini V, et al. Solitary liver metastasis from Hurthle cell thyroid cancer: a case report and review of the literature. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004;27(1):52-56.
43.Shaha AR, Shah JP, Loree TR. Differentiated thyroid cancer presenting initially with distant metastasis. Am J Surg. 1997;174(5):474-476.
44.Casara D, Rubello D, Saladini G, et al. Different features of pulmonary metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer: natural history and multivariate statistical analysis of prognostic variables. J Nucl Med. 1993;34(10):1626-1631.
45.Wood WJ, Jr., Singletary SE, Hickey RC. Current results of treatment for distant metastatic well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Arch Surg. 1989;124(12):1374-1377.
46.Guglielmi R, Pacella CM, Dottorini ME, et al. Severe thyrotoxicosis due to hyperfunctioning liver metastasis from follicular carcinoma: treatment with (131)I and interstitial laser ablation. Thyroid. 1999;9(2):173-177.
47.Graves MW, Zukerberg B, Walace K, Duncan D, Scheff A. Isolated liver metastases from follicular thyroid cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 1996;21(2):147-148.
48.Kondo T, Katoh R, Omata K, Oyama T, Yagawa A, Kawaoi A. Incidentally detected liver metastasis of well-differentiated follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, mimicking ectopic thyroid. Pathol Int. 2000;50(6):509-513.
49.Tur GE, Asanuma Y, Sato T, et al. Resection of metastatic thyroid carcinomas to the liver and the kidney: report of a case. Surg Today. 1994;24(9):844-848.
50.Alzahrani AS, AlQaraawi A, Al Sohaibani F, Almanea H, Abalkhail H. Pancreatic metastasis arising from a BRAF(V600E)-positive papillary thyroid cancer: the role of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy and response to sorafenib therapy. Thyroid. 2012;22(5):536-541.
51.Kand P, Asopa R. Metastatic involvement of the spleen in differentiated carcinoma of thyroid. Indian J Nucl Med. 2010;25(4):171-172.
52.Paolini R, Toffoli S, Poletti A, et al. Splenomegaly as the first manifestation of thyroid cancer metastases. Tumori. 1997;83(4):779-782.
53.Mayayo E, Blazquez S, Gomez-Aracil V, Sauri A, Martinez S. Spleen metastasis from thyroid carcinoma. Report of a case with diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol. 2003;47(6):1116-1118.
54.Chaturvedy G, Kumar R, Sikka K, Karthikeyan CV, Mathur SR. An unusual site of distant metastasis in carcinoma of the thyroid. Indian J Cancer. 2010;47(4):479-480.
55.Oufroukhi Y, Biyi A, Doudouh A, Ben Rais N. Gingival metastasis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Medecine Nucleaire. 2010;34(9):550-552.
56.Buandasan K, Hussein A. Follicular thyroid carcinoma mimicking meningioma: A case report. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2012;2(1):82-84.
57.Chaudhary N, Das S, MacDonald D, Ang LC, Megyesi J. Thyroid metastases to an anaplastic meningioma: A rare and aggressive histopathological entity. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2012;3):S38.
58.Ogbodo E, Kaliaperumal C, Keohane C, Bermingham N, Kaar G. Sciatica as a presenting feature of thyroid follicular adenocarcinoma in a 79-year-old woman. BMJ Case Reports. 2011.
59.Passarin MG, Deluca C, Buffone E, et al. Solitary metastasis from occult thyroid cancer mimicking a convexity meningioma. American Journal of Case Reports. 2011;12:110-112.
60.Tazi EM, Essadi I, Errihani H. Thyroid carcinoma presenting as a dural metastasis mimicking a meningioma: A case report. North American Journal of Medical Sciences. 2011;3(1):39-42.
61.Portocarrero-Ortiz L, Garcia-Lopez R, Romero-Vargas S, et al. Thyroid follicular carcinoma presenting as skull and dural metastasis mimicking a meningioma: A case report. Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2009;95(2):281-284.
62.Tagle P, Villanueva P, Torrealba G, Huete I. Intracranial metastasis or meningioma? An uncommon clinical diagnostic dilemma. Surgical Neurology. 2002;58(3-4):241-245.
63.Asioli S, Erickson LA, Sebo TJ, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma with prominent hobnail features: a new aggressive variant of moderately differentiated papillary carcinoma. A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular study of eight cases. American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2010;34(1):44-52.
64.Borschitz T, Eichhorn W, Fottner C, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic metastases of a papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2010;20(1):93-98.
65.Chen L, Brainard JA. Pancreatic metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration: a case report. Acta Cytologica. 2010;54(4):640-644.
66.Siddiqui AA, Olansky L, Sawh RN, Tierney WM. Pancreatic metastasis of tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: diagnosis by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Jop: Journal of the Pancreas [Electronic Resource]. 2006;7(4):417-422.
67.Jobran R, Baloch ZW, Aviles V, Rosato EF, Schwartz S, LiVolsi VA. Tall cell papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: metastatic to the pancreas. Thyroid. 2000;10(2):185-187.
68.Sugimura H, Tamura S, Kodama T, Kakitsubata Y, Asada K, Watanabe K. Metastatic pancreas cancer from the thyroid; clinical imaging mimicking non functioning islet cell tumor. Radiat Med. 1991;9(5):167-169.
69.Lester L, Hymes S. Papillary thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the skin: Report of a rare entity resembling nonmelanoma skin cancer. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2012;1):AB132.
70.Boumaaza O, Guerrouj H, Ghfir I, Ben Rais Aouad N. Scalp tumor: A rare presenting sign of thyroid follicular carcinoma. [French]
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71.Ward LS, Coelho Rezende CA, Morari EC, Camacho E, Vassallo J. Cutaneous metastasis from a classic papillary thyroid cancer with positive immunohistochemical staining for sodium iodide symporter but no response to radioiodine therapy. Endocrinologist. 2009;19(5):214-217.
72.Bucerius J, Meyka S, Bangard M, Biersack HJ, Eter N. Papillary thyroid carcinoma with an uncommon spread of hematogenous metastases to the choroid and the skin. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2008;100(1):104-107.
73.Ghfir I, Caoui M, Ben Rais N. Follicular thyroid carcinoma: Metastasis to unusual skin locations. [French]
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74.Lam KY, Lo CY, Wei WI. Warthin tumor-like variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a case with dedifferentiation (anaplastic changes) and aggressive biological behavior. Endocrine Pathology. 2005;16(1):83-89.
75.Mahalingam M, Bhawan J. Metastatic papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2004;31(7):509-512.
76.Karwowski JK, Nowels KW, McDougall IR, Weigel RJ. Needle track seeding of papillary thyroid carcinoma from fine needle aspiration biopsy. A case report. Acta Cytologica. 2002;46(3):591-595.
77.Boughattas S, Hassine H, Chatti K, Jomaa R, Essabbah H. Cutaneous metastasis revealing a widely disseminated follicular thyroid carcinoma. Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002;27(5):379-380.
78.Tamiolakis D, Antoniou C, Venizelos J, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma metastasis most probably due to fine needle aspiration biopsy. A case report. Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica et Adriatica. 2006;15(4):169-172.
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80.Avram AM, Gielczyk R, Su L, Vine AK, Sisson JC. Choroidal and skin metastases from papillary thyroid cancer: Case and a review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;89(11):5303-5307.
81.Arat YO, Boniuk M. Red Lesions of the Iris, Choroid, and Skin Secondary to Metastatic Carcinoma of the Thyroid: A Review. Survey of Ophthalmology. 2007;52(5):523-528.
82.Koller EA, Tourtelot JB, Pak HS, Cobb MW, Moad JC, Flynn EA. Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the skin: a case report and review of the literature. Thyroid. 1998;8(11):1045-1050.
83.Auty RM. Dermal metastases from a follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Arch Dermatol. 1977;113(5):675-676.
84.Carsuzaa F, Marlier S, De Jaureguiberry JP, Arnoux D, Jaubert D. [Cutaneous metastasis diagnosed simultaneously with a vesicular carcinoma of the thyroid]. Presse Med. 1992;21(36):1730.
85.Caron P, Moreau-Cabarrot A, Gorguet B, Bazex J. Cutaneous metastasis from follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Thyroid. 1993;3(3):235-237.
86.Hamilton D. Cutaneous metastases from a follicular thyroid carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1980;6(2):116-117.
87.Lissak B, Vannetzel JM, Gallouedec N, Berrod JL, Rieu M. Solitary skin metastasis as the presenting feature of differentiated thyroid microcarcinoma: report of two cases. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995;18(10):813-816.
88.Pavlidis NA, Sourla AD, Nikolaou NG, Tolis CF, Mitsi VD. Neglected cases of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Occurrence of subcutaneous scalp metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1990;16(2):175-179.
89.Rico MJ, Penneys NS. Metastatic follicular carcinoma of the thyroid to the skin: a case confirmed by immunohistochemistry. J Cutan Pathol. 1985;12(2):103-105.
90.Runne U, Modder G. [Skin metastases in thyroid carcinoma (author's transl)]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1976;101(50):1831-1834.
91.Tanaka N, Katsuta Y. [Primary thyroid cancer followed by multiple skin metastases]. Nihon Rinsho. 1971;29(5):1420-1426.
92.Tronnier M, Winzer M, Wolff HH. Cutaneous metastases from follicular thyroid carcinoma: histology, immunohistology, and electron microscopy. A report of two cases. Dermatologica. 1991;183(4):286-289.
93.Vives R, Valcayo A, Menendez E, Guarch R. Follicular thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27(2 Pt 1):276-277.
94.Horiguchi Y, Takahashi C, Imamura S. Cutaneous metastasis from papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Report of two cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;10(6):988-992.
95.Pitlik S, Kitzes R, Ben-Bassat M, Rosenfeld JB. Thyroid carcinoma presenting as a solitary skin metastasis. Cutis. 1983;31(5):532-536.
96.Cawley EP, Weary PE. The Evaluation of Neoplastic Metastases to the Skin. Arch Dermatol. 1964;90:262-265.
97.Chadlou R, Biess B, Ehring F. [Clinial picture and localization of skin metastasis of visceral carcinomas]. Hautarzt. 1978;29(5):259-265.
98.Doutre MS, Beylot C, Baquey A, et al. Cutaneous metastasis from papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A case confirmed by monoclonal antithyroglobulin antibody. Dermatologica. 1988;177(4):241-243.
99.Elgart GW, Patterson JW, Taylor R. Cutaneous metastasis from papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25(2 Pt 2):404-408.
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101.Makris A, Goepel JR. Cutaneous metastases from a papillary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(5):860-861.
102.McKee DL. [Problems resulting from the absorption of small towns into urban areas in major Third World cities]. Tiers Monde. 1985;26(104):841-847.
103.Shon W, Ferguson SB, Comfere NI. Metastatic Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid presenting as ulcerated scrotum nodules. Am J Dermatopathol. 2010;32(4):392-394.
104.Varma D, Jain S, Khurana N. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid presenting with skin ulceration. Cytopathology. 2007;18(4):269-271.
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106.Seneviratne DR, Stavrou P, Good P. Late-stage metastasis to the choroid from follicular thyroid carcinoma--case report. Optometry. 2011;82(4):215-217.
107.Tran K, Bigby KJ, Hughes BG, Lee L, Allison R. Clinicopathological report: bilateral choroidal metastases from papillary thyroid cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2011;7(1):11-14.
108.Aneiros-Fernandez J, Chamorro C, Nicolae A, Preda O, Martinez F, Concha A. Orbitary and intracraneal metastases: First clinical manifestation of thyroid cancer. [Spanish]. Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurologia. 2010;19(1):99-101.
109.Anoop TM, Mini PN, Divya KP, Nikhil S, Jabbar PK. Clinical images. Thyroid follicular carcinoma presenting as intraorbital, intracranial, and subcutaneous metastasis. Am J Surg. 2010;199(6):e72-74.
110.Malhotra G, Upadhye TS, Menon S, et al. Unilateral proptosis due to orbital metastasis as a presenting clinical manifestation of carcinoma of the thyroid. Clin Nucl Med. 2010;35(5):362-365.
111.Rocha Filho F, Lima G, d. A. Ferreira F, Lima M, Hissa M. Orbital metastasis as primary clinical manifestation of thyroid carcinoma--case report and literature review. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. 2008;52(9):497-500.
112.Boughattas S, Chatti K, Degdegui M, Bouslama Z, Elaouni C. Uncommon case of orbital metastasis secondary to papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2005;15(11):1311-1312.
113.Boughattas S, Khochtali H, Arifa N, et al. Preoperative scintigraphic visualization of an orbital metastasis before identification of carcinoma in a nonfunctioning thyroid nodule. Clin Nucl Med. 2004;29(4):249-250.
114.Chtourou I, Khabir A, Benzina Z, Bahri I, Hajji D, Boudawara TS. [Iris metastatic thyroid follicular carcinoma: a case report]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2006;29(8):e21.
115.Bae SY, Lee SK, Koo MY, et al. Distant, solitary skeletal muscle metastasis in recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2011;21(9):1027-1031.
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117.Karabekir H, Polat C, Aktepe F, Gocmen-Mas N. Unusual scalp metastasis from follicular thyroid carcinoma. Saudi Med J. 2011;32(8):849-851.
118.Dash A, Ravikumar R, Gill B. A rare case of metastatic thyroid carcinoma presenting as primary renal neoplasm. Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2010;25(3):98.
119.Djekidel M, Gordon M, Shah RB, Gross MD, Avram A. Renal metastasis from Hurthle cell thyroid carcinoma and its evaluation with hybrid imaging. Thyroid. 2010;20(4):429-433.
120.Zhao LX, Li L, Li FL, Zhao Z. Rectus abdominis muscle metastasis from papillary thyroid cancer identified by I-131 SPECT/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2010;35(5):360-361.
121.Qiu ZL, Luo QY. Erector spinae metastases from differentiated thyroid cancer identified by I-131 SPECT/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2009;34(3):137-140.
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123.Morita N, Morimoto K, Yonezawa K, Otsuki N, Nibu K. Infratemporal fossa metastasis of papillary thyroid cancer. Head Neck. 2013;35(4):E119-121.
124.Panoussopoulos D, Theodoropoulos G, Vlahos K, Lazaris A, Papadimitriou K. Distant solitary skeletal muscle metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Int Surg. 2007;92(4):226-229.
125.Lu J, Frater JL, Kreisel FH, Marcus JN, Hassan A. Secondary lymphoma involving metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma to the skull: a unique example of tumor-to-tumor metastasis. Head Neck Pathol. 2008;2(3):209-212.
126.Niederkohr RD, Dadras SS, Leavitt M, McDougall IR. F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging of a subcutaneous scalp metastasis from primary carcinoma of the thyroid. Clin Nucl Med. 2007;32(2):162-164.
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128.Rodrigues G, Ghosh A. Synchronous bony and soft tissue metastases from follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. J Korean Med Sci. 2003;18(6):914-916.
129.Gertz R, Sarda R, Lloyd R. Follicular thyroid carcinoma presenting as a massive chest wall tumor. Endocr Pathol. 2013;24(1):20-24.
130.Luo Q, Luo QY, Sheng SW, et al. Localization of concomitant metastases to kidney and erector spinae from papillary thyroid carcinoma using (131)I-SPECT and CT. Thyroid. 2008;18(6):663-664.
131.Sevinc A, Buyukberber S, Sari R, Baysal T, Mizrak B. Follicular thyroid cancer presenting initially with soft tissue metastasis. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2000;30(1):27-29.
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133.Cheon M, Choi JY, Kim HK, et al. Renal Metastasis from Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Diagnosed by I-131 Whole-body Scan Mimicking Renal Cell Carcinoma on Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;45(1):72-75.
134.Ghfir I, El Amrani M, Ben Rais N. Renal metastasis from follicular thyroid carcinoma revealed by a I-131 whole-body scan. Medecine Nucleaire. 2011;35(10):584-586.