AP Biology – Review Terms (701)
Unit 1
Element
Compound
Essential elements
Neutron
Proton
Electron
Isotope
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Valence electrons
Molecule
Nonpolar covalent bond
Polar covalent bond
Cation
Anion
Ionic bond
Hydrogen
Van der Waals interactions
Chemical reaction
Reactant
Product
Chemical equilibrium
Cohesion
Adhesion
Surface tension
Calorie
Kcal
Joule
Solute
Solvent
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Mole
Molarity
Acid
Base
Buffer
Macromolecule
Hydrocarbons
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Phosphate group
Methyl group
ATP
ADP
Polymer
Monomer
Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
Lipid
Fats
Triglyceride
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid
Phospholipid
Steroid
Cholesterol
Catalyst
Polypeptide
Protein
Amino acid
Peptide bond
Denaturation
Nucleic acid
DNA
RNA
Nucleotide
Unit 2
Organelle
Cytosol
Prokaryote
Nucleoid
Cytoplasm
Eukaryote
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Ribosome
Endomembrane system
SER
RER
Glycoprotein
Transport vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Endosymbiont theory
Cristae
Mitochondrial matrix
Thylakoids
Plastids
Peroxisome
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Cell wall
Extracellular matrix
Plasmodesmata
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Selective permeability
Amphipathic molecules
Integral protein
Peripheral protein
Transport proteins
Aquaporins
Diffusion
Passive transport
Osmosis
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Plasmolysis
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Membrane potential
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endo.
Phosphorylation
Metabolism
Catabolic pathway
Anabolic pathway
1st Law of thermodynamics
2nd Law of thermodynamics
Entropy
Exergonic reaction
Endergonic reaction
Catalyst
Enzyme
Activation energy
Substrate
Active site
Coenzyme
Competitive inhibitor
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Allosteric regulation
Feedback inhibition
Fermentation
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration
Oxidation
Reduction
Electron transport chain
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Acetyl CoA
Cytochromes
ATP synthase
Chemiosmosis
Alcohol fermentation
Pyruvate
FAD+
Lactic acid fermentation
Obligate anaerobe
Facultative anaerobe
Photosynthesis
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Stomata
Stroma
Light reactions
Calvin cycle
NADP+
Photophosphorylation
Carbon fixation
Photon
Carotenoid
PS II
PS I
G3P
Rubisco
RuBP
C3 plant
C4 plant
CAM plant
Unit 3
Somatic cells
Gametic cells
Sister chromatids
Centromere
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Kinetochores
Cleavage
Cell plate
Binary fission
G1 checkpoint
G0 phase
Growth factors
Density-dependent inhibition
Gene
Locus
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Karyotype
Homologous chromosomes
Autosomes
Sex chromosomes
Diploid
Haploid
Fertilization
Zygote
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Prophase I
Synapsis
Crossing over
Chiasmata
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Recombinant chromosomes
True-breeding
P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation
Dominant allele
Recessive allele
Law of segregation
Punnett square
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Phenotype
Genotype
Testcross
Monohybrid
Dihybrid
Law of independent assortment
Complete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Pleiotropy
Epistasis
Polygenic
Multifactorial
Pedigree
Carriers
Wild-type
Sex-linked gene
Barr body
Linked genes
Genetic recombination
Nondisjunction
Aneuploidy
Monosomy
Trisomy
Polyploidy
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
Transformation
Bacteriophage
Double helix
Antiparallel
Semiconservative model
Origin of replication
Replication fork
Helicase
Topoisomerase
RNA primer
Primase
DNA polymerase
Leading strand
Lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
DNA ligase
Nuclease
Telomerase
Heterochromatin
Euchromatin
Plasmid
Recombinant DNA
Restriction enzymes
Gel electrophoresis
Sticky ends
PCR
DNA sequencing
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Ribosome
Codon
Reading frame
RNA polymerase
Promoter
TATA box
Intron
Exon
RNA splicing
Spliceosome
Ribozyme
tRNA
anticodon
rRNA
P site
A site
E site
Mutation
Point mutation
Silent mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation
Frameshift mutation
Mutagen
Carcinogen
Operator
Operon
Repressor
Regulatory gene
trp operon
lac operon
Inducer
Activator
Epigenetics
miRNAs
siRNAs
RNAi
Biotechnology
Reverse transcriptase
Genetically modified
Transgenic organisms
Gene therapy
STRs
SNP
Proteomics
Unit 4
Evolution
Taxonomy
Paleontology
Adaptation
Natural selection
Artificial selection
Biogeography
Homologous structures
Vestigial structures
Convergent evolution
Analogous structures
Endemic
Phylogeny
Taxonomy
DKPCOFGS
Taxon
Sister taxa
Homoplasies
Cladistics
Monophyletic
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletic
Ancestral
Derived
Outgroup
Horizontal gene transfer
Microevolution
Macroevolution
Population
Gene pool
Hardy-Weinberg principle
Genetic drift
Founder effect
Bottleneck effect
Gene flow
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Stabilizing selection
Sexual selection
Sexual dimorphism
Intrasexual selection
Intersexual selection
Heterozygote advantage
Speciation
Reproductive isolation
Hybrids
Prezygotic barriers
Habitat isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation
Postzygotic barriers
Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Species concepts
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
Punctuated equilibrium
Radiometric dating
Stromatolites
Adaptive radiation
Paedomorphosis
Unit 5
Peptidoglycan
Endospore
Pili
Photoautotrophy
Chemoautotrophy
Photoheterotrophy
Chemoheterotrophy
Nitrogen fixation
Biofilm
Conjugation
Methanogens
Bioremediation
Protist
Algae
Choanoflagellates
Unit 6
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Homeostasis
Negative feedback
Thermoregulation
Endothermic
Ectothermic
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
Countercurrent exchange
Hypothalamus
Endocrine system
Nervous system
Hormones
Pancreas
Pituitary gland
Oxytocin
ADH
Positive feedback
Epinephrine
Osmoregulation
Osmolarity
Urea
Uric acid
Aldosterone
Vitamins
Minerals
Peristalsis
Amylase
Pharynx
Esophagus
Pepsin
Small intestine
Duodenum
Bile
Liver
Gallbladder
Microvilli
Colon
Large intestine
Insulin
Glucagon
Open circulatory system
Closed circulatory system
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Atrium
Ventricle
AV valve
Semilunar valves
SA node
AV node
Systole
Diastole
Lymph nodes
Plasma
Hemoglobin
Leukocytes
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Myoglobin
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Interferons
Mast cells
T cells
B cells
Antigen
Epitope
Antibody
Effector cells
Memory cells
Primary immune response
Secondary immune response
Humoral immune response
Cell-mediated immune response
Helper T cell
MHC molecule
Cytotoxic T cells
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Allergens
Autoimmune diseases
Egg
Sperm
Gonads
Ovulation
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
FSH
LH
Testosterone
Progesterone
Estrogen
Blastula
Gastrulation
Gastrula
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Neuron
Dendrite
Axon
Synapse
Glial cell
Sensory neuron
Interneuron
Motor neuron
Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
Resting potential
Gated ion channels
Hyperpolarization
Depolarization
Action potential
Voltage gated
Threshold
Refractory period
Myelin sheath
Schwann cells
Nodes of Ranvier
EPSPs
IPSPs
Acetylcholine
GABA
Endorphins
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Mechanoreceptors
Electromagnetic receptors
Thermoreceptors
Pain receptors
Chemoreceptors
Myofibrils
Sarcomere
Tropomyosin
Myoglobin
Fast-twitch fibers
Slow-twitch fibers
Hydrostatic skeleton
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Pheromones
Innate behavior
Special learning
Associative learning
Social learning
Altruism
Unit 7
Taproot
Lateral root
Root hairs
Stem
Leaf blade
Petiole
Cuticle
Xylem
Phloem
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Meristem
Primary growth
Secondary growth
Apoplast
Symplast
Rhizobacteria
Nitrogen fixation
Nodules
Mycorrhizae
Transpiration
Abscisic acid
CAM
Alternation of generations
Endosperm
Monocot
Dicot
Apomixes
Totipotent
Tropism
Auxin
Cytokinins
Gibberellins
Ethylene
Unit 8
Community
Population
Abiotic
Biotic
Biome
Tropical rain forest
Savanah
Desert
Chaparral
Temperate grassland
Coniferous forest
Broadleaf forest
Tundra
Wetland
Estuary
Intertidal zone
pelagic zone
Benthic zone
Hydrothermal vents
Thermocline
Predation
Herbivory
Symbiosis
Mutualism
Facilitation
Parasitism
Competition
Commensalism
Immigration
Emigration
Survivorship curves
Exponential population growth
J curve
S curve
Carrying capacity
Density-dependent selection
Density-independent selection
Interspecific competition
Competitive exclusion
Niche
Resource partitioning
Character displacement
Aposematic coloration
Mimicry
Invasive species
Food web
Trophic level
Keystone species
Ecological succession
Producers
Consumers
Detritivores
Primary production
GPP
NPP
Eutrophication
Production efficiency
Biogeochemical cycles
Endangered species
Threatened species
Extinction vortex
MVP
Biodiversity
Biological magnification
Greenhouse effect