These are short test-yourself questions for students to use to help them recall and apply important knowledge and understanding for each of the main topics covered in the four chapters. They can be used in conjunction with the checklists (chapter summaries) on pages 156-159 – each checklist has the same title as the ‘what do you know about…’ practice test.
Teachers could extend these questions to create more detailed tests or assessments.
CHAPTER 1
p.35
What do you know about … Earth forces?
A. The Structure of the Earth
1.
•Crust: top layer; thinnest layer; oceanic crust about 10km thick, continental crust up to 60km.
•Mantle: middle layer; 2800km thick; solid but becomes molten liquid near crust at plate boundaries; 900o to 2000oC.
•Core: middle of the Earth – split into the inner and outer cores. Outer core: 2200km; liquid iron and nickel; over 2200oC. Inner core: 1200km; also iron and nickel but solid; hottest part of Earth up to 5500oC;
2.
Oceanic crust is much thinner than continental crust
3.
(i)A very large land mass which existed in the past before breaking into sections = today’s continents
(ii)The most recent was Pangaea
4.
When igneous rocks are formed the direction of the magnetic field at the time is ‘locked’ into them. The magnetic field reverses approximately every half a million years. It creates areas of rock/land with alternating magnetism, helping identify where they were first formed and whether they have moved.
5.
Collision zones /converging boundaries. No spaces/gaps created in crust for molten liquid to push through.
6.
(i)eruptions = from volcanic cones (extrusive); underground heating leading to hot springs/geysers on surface; new rock forming underground (intrusive) as magma pushes into cracks or creates a dome and solidifies.
(ii)They are all the result of heat and pressure from the mantle beneath the crust
B. Tectonic Activity
1.
P-waves are primary seismic waves which arrive first / travel fastest when an earthquake occurs and move rocks backwards and forwards. Secondary seismic waves arrive after primary waves, travelling inside the earth more slowly and move rocks from side to side.
2.
(i)Richter
(ii)moment magnitude (Mw)
3.
•It is a very poor country
•Many houses were badly built and crowded together
•The earthquake was quite shallow with over 50 large aftershocks
4.
5.
(i)A ring of active volcanoes on the plate boundaries around the edge of the Pacific Ocean
(ii)It forms a circle of volcanoes in the Pacific, several of which may erupt at any one time.
6.
The coastline of Japan has many deep inlets and bays which trap and channel or funnel the huge tsunami waves, spreading the impact and damage much further inland.
7.
(i)
(ii)A shield volcano is usually lower, has a wider base and far more gently sloping sides. This is because shield volcanoes are formed from quite runny basaltic lava which flows out quickly over a larger area, whereas ash-cinder volcanoes (as their name suggests) are made from fine ash and cinders –fragments of lava which are solid and spread out less but build up higher.
8.
It was formed under a volcanic hot spot.A hot spot is an area on the earth’s crust where magma plumes rise from the mantle. These rise up because of convection currents within the mantle
When they reach the boundary between the mantle and the crust, the heat spreads out. This happens under thinner, oceanic plates. Volcanoes may form, creating islands where they break through the ocean surface. As tectonic plates gradually move over hot spots, chains of volcanic islands may form e.g. the Galapagos and Hawaiian Islands the Pacific Ocean.
9.
(i)Geothermal energy is produced by using the heat from rocks deep underground
(ii)Boreholes are drilled into the crust where this heat is found closest to the surface (usually on or near plate boundaries). Cold water is pumped down and is heated, then pumped back to the surface (often as steam). It can then be used directly to heat buildings or to generate electricity.
10.
•In 1995 several small earthquakes occurred. Steam and sulphur emissions were seen near the summit
•Some small eruptions took place, sending out ash which fell across the surrounding area
•In 1996 ash was still being released. A magma dome appeared inside the volcano and lava and small pyroclastic flows were emitted
•In June 1997 part of the magma dome collapsed, releasing a pyroclastic flow which killed 19 people. Ash poured into the sky forming a 9000 metre high cloud
11.
A pyroclastic flow is a mixture of superheated steam, gases and ash which can reach 400oC. When released by a volcano they can travel at speeds of up to 120kph, the heat destroying everything they pass over.
12.
(i)Sea floor spreading is when magma reaches the surface of the Earth’s crust underwater where two tectonic plates are moving apart (diverging). This then cools down to form new crust.
(ii)The Mid-Atlantic Ridge runs through the centre of Iceland where the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates are moving apart. This is responsible for a range of tectonic activity and may eventually split Iceland into two parts.
13.
14.
(i)Capacity to cope
(ii)If people do not have the resources / expertise to cope with natural hazards, this increases the level of risk posed by it at the time and the ability to recover afterwards – and vice versa.
CHAPTER 2
p.61
What do you know about … population?
1.
(i)An area where there are very few people e.g. per km2
(ii)An area where there are many people e.g. per km2
2.
The population density is the average number of people per km2: populous is the total number of people (population) in the country.
3.
Birth rate divided by death rate = natural increase (or decrease if a negative)
4.
•1a: Stage 2 = classic pyramid shape; high birth and death rates e.g. the world’s poorer LDCs today including Uganda and most of the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa
•1b: Stage 4 = narrowing base showing declining birth rates; narrows / tapers in top section, but gradually showing high life expectancy e.g. the Netherlands
5.
It is important to know the number of people in each age / gender group to be able to provide the resources they need – from schools to care homes and pensions.
6.
The economically dependent sectors include children (0-14 years) and the elderly (over 64 years). These two sectors are not usually part of the working population – they are at school or retired and classed as dependents. The economically active sector (15-64 years) is the working population who are employed and earn money for themselves, the country’s economy and help support the dependent sector.
7.
Growth since 1800 has been very rapid compared to before 1800. In 1820 the total population was just 1 billion. This has grown to 7 billion by 2012 = less than 100 years. Between 1960 and 2010 it increased at its most rapid, from 3 to 7 billion.
8.
(i)and (ii):pie charts, divided bar graphs or composite bar graphs
9.
Many choices here, including:
•To work
•To flee war/natural disaster/persecution
•To join family members
•To improve their quality of life
10.
The UK and the Netherlands were amongst a number of European countries with colonies or overseas territories across the world – especially in Asia and Africa.
Many possible examples e.g. Netherlands = Suriname, Indonesia, the Antilles; UK = India, Pakistan and Montserrat.
11.
Any two from: increased life expectancy (lower death rates); better health care; improved living conditions.
Data used will vary – should use Figs 2 and 3 on page 48.
12.
In the Netherlands and across western Europe a baby boom took place in the years following the end of WW2, in the 1950s and early 1960s. This generation is now in its 50s and 60s, helping to explain the bulge in this age range in the population pyramid today. It stands out because birth rates have fallen and are continuing to do so, giving the structure a narrower base.
13.
An increasingly ageing population puts pressure on countries to provide:
•Pensions
•More health care
•Care homes
•Suitable housing and appropriate social amenitiesat the same time as the proportion of the economically active population is declining.
14.
•Financial benefits
•Longer maternity and/or paternity leave
•Better facilities for young children
•Incentives to marry earlier
•Increased child benefit
15.
•As families valued boys rather than girls, females were often abandoned or even aborted.
•This has led to a gender imbalance of 118:100 in favour of males
•The policy was far less successful in rural areas where children were needed to work on the land and also support elderly parents. The policy has now been relaxed in these areas.
16.
Population policies have been effective in reducing birth rates. However, China is now faced with an increasingly high proportion of elderly dependents. At the same time there are less economically active people to work and to care for them.
17.
(i)Refugee: someone who flees their country because of persecution or fear of persecution e.g. for reasons of race, religion, nationality/ethnicity or politics
(ii)Asylum seeker: a person seeking a place of safety who has not yet been granted official refugee status
(iii)IDP: someone who has had to leave their home (often for one of the same reasons as a refugee) but who is living in another part of their home country.
18.
•There are so many of them arriving daily
•There are limited funds/resources to supply basic needs
•Many of those arriving are severely traumatised – especially children whose parents may have been killed
CHAPTER 3
p.91
What do you know about … development?
1.
Development is about economic growth or wealth, but also the quality of life or well-being of people. Countries are at different levels of development. The less developed are called LDCs are the poorest economically; the more developed are called MDCs and usually have strong economies and high levels of income and quality of life.
2.
•Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
•Average years of schooling
•Expected years of schooling
•Life expectancy at birth
3.
It changes from predominantly dependent on primary industry to a much larger secondary sector and then tertiary sector.
4.
Information from Figure 1 p.68:
•LDCs = high birth, death and growth rates
•NICs = birth, death and growth rates decreasing
•MDCS = low birth, death and growth rates – sometimes a negative or decreasing growth rate
5.
•Countries which experience extreme conditions e.g. very hot, dry climates or are prone to natural disasters are often less developed e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa, Haiti, parts of South East Asia (examples will vary).
•Countries in more temperate climates with central coastal locations or with many natural resources are likely to be more developed e.g. western Europe (variety of examples from Europe can be used).
6.
Depends on which MDG the student chooses – see p.72.
7.
•50% fewer living in poverty since 1990
•Halving of total without access to safe drinking water
•20% increase in access to better sanitation
•Reduction in child mortality and increase in life expectancy
•Higher numbers attending primary school
8.
•Relatively isolated until the nineteenth century (size and desert interior)
•Rapid population growth / high fertility rates
•Extreme climates – drought common = difficult to grow enough food
9.
(a)Student graph /answer
(b)should show a positive correlation (high HDI = high life expectancy)
10.
(i)landlocked: no coastline – completely surrounded by land (other countries)
(ii)plateau: large flat-topped upland area with steep sides
(iii)escarpment: upland area with one steep (scarp) slope and a longer, more gentle (dip) slope
11.
•Advantages: earns money for farmers and the economy
•Disadvantages: over-reliance on one crop could cause problems if it fails or prices fall
12.
e.g.:
•Providing seeds to plant more drought tolerant food crops like cassava
•Providing oxen, ox-ploughs and walking tractors to farmers
•Building dams and improving access to water for people and livestock; irrigation schemes
•Planting trees
13.
(i)Government education programme and availability of voluntary resting in clinics.
(ii)two from:
High number of deaths (2 million); hundreds of thousands of orphans; thousands of babies born as carriers of HIV/AIDS; loss of workers / impact on economy
14.
Densely populated areas are along the Pacific coast where the land is fairly flat and fertile; sparsely populated areas are inland to the west and north where there are mountains and deserts.
15.
•Move to a market economy from previous communist regime
•Rapid industrialisation
16.
(i)SEZs are areas where the building of new factories is encouraged and supported
(ii)To attract TNCs into China to invest in industry and provide employment
17.
(iii)It has large reserves which is being used to provide power/electricity to its factories and businesses
(iv)China consumes more coal than any other country and now has to import some from abroad to meet its needs. Coal is the dirtiest of all the fossil fuels – burning it creates atmospheric pollution and releases greenhouse gases.
18.
•Benefits: providing up to 10% of China’s electricity; clean, renewable energy; reduced flooding and improved navigation along the Yangtze river.
•Problems: 1.4 million people had to be moved; water polluted from toxins in factories flooded to make reservoirs; fertile farmland and historic sites also flooded.
19.
Variety of answers but should mention industrialisation; strong economy; location; important trade centre for centuries etc.
20.
The wider the range of data used, the more accurate the understanding and assessment of the development level will be – although it should be remembered that these are average figures and that there may be great differences within a country.
CHAPTER 4
p.119
What do you know about … rural and urban spaces?
A. General
1.
2.
e.g.:
(i)financial; industrial; market; educational; port; holiday / tourist resort; transport hub; commuter + other acceptable answers
(ii)Many have common functions e.g. financial/educational/transport hub as our urban areas are now quite complex – although they may have begun with just one main function e.g. port.
3.
It is a zone of constant change – a transition from one type of use to another
4.
(i)
(ii)sectors are often created where there are linear features such as transport links e.g. major roads, rivers or railway lines
5.
•It can be difficult to decide where one urban area ends and a another begins
•Census information is not always accurate and not everyone completes it
•Census data is often only collected every 10 years so goes out of date quickly
6.
(i)LDCs in Asia and Africa
(ii)Birth and fertility rates are still higher here; many LDCs here are industrialising and becoming more urban
7.
•Increased congestion = longer journey times
•More traffic = more noise
•More vehicles = more emissions = more atmospheric pollution
8.
Many city centres have been redeveloped, with high rise buildings in the CBD, new indoor shopping malls, entertainment complexes and pedestrianisation
9.
More mixed – less tower blocks (unpopular) more low-rise but high density homes. Families are becoming smaller (less children than in the past); more single person households especially over 60s.
10.
(a)a countryside area – not built-up with lots of houses/buildings. Opposite of urban (towns and cities)
(b)Urban areas have spread into rural areas (urban sprawl); rural areas used e.g. to store water (reservoirs) etc. for use in urban areas or to build newer, bigger transport routes.
B. Sao Paulo
1.
Its development as Brazil’s main economic and industrial centre between 1950 and 2000.
2.
Two from;
•Fig 3 is a series of simple rings – Fig 5 has sectors
•Transport routes have affected land use in Fig 5 – land use often forms a sector radiating outwards in a wedge shape, not just concentric rings
•Fig 5 has new, separate Edge Cities
3.
•Better roads
•Power supplies (posts and overhead cables), water and sanitation
•More permanent structures e.g. bricks and cement e.g. via government-funded self-help schemes
•Addition of local schools, clinics and other community facilities
4.
(i)groups of houses/buildings securely protected by high walls, gates, security guards etc.
(ii)middle and high income Paulonistas.
(iii)they are expensive and have high security
5.
(i)In favelas usually on the edge of the city or on used land
(ii)This is usually land considered unsuitable for building e.g. on a steep slope; prone to landslides or flash floods. There is no suitable, affordable housing available to them anywhere else.
C. The Netherlands
1.
e.g.
•It is home to 7 million people (40% of the country’s total population)
•Contains the country’s 4 largest cities including its capital
•Important industrial, business and trade centre
Data will vary, but will usually be population figures.
2.
(i)A period in the 16th and 17th centuries when Amsterdam developed as the world’s richest port and city
(ii)It was a prosperous trade centre with ships sailing across Europe and the World. It had a population of 200,000. The world’s first TNC began here (Dutch East India Company), as did its first stock exchange. The inner city canals were planned and built during this era. It also became a leading centre for artists e.g. Rembrandt and Vermeer.
3.
Basement models are where transport links are built underground – rail and road. The benefits to the environment are: