24
YEAR 12 PDHPE
Core 2 – Factors affecting Performance
Question 1 - How does training affect performance?
GLOSSARY OF KEY WORDS
Analyse / Identify components and the relationship between them; draw out and relate implications
Apply / Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation
Appreciate / Make a judgement about the value of
Assess / Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size
Calculate / Ascertain/determine from given facts, figures or information
Clarify / Make clear or plain
Classify / Arrange or include in classes/categories
Compare / Show how things are similar or different
Construct / Make; build; put together items or arguments
Contrast / Show how things are different or opposite
Critically
(analyse/evaluate) / Add a degree or level of accuracy depth, knowledge and understanding, logic, questioning, reflection and quality to (analyse/evaluate)
Deduce / Draw conclusions
Define / State meaning and identify essential qualities
Demonstrate / Show by example
Describe / Provide characteristics and features
Discuss / Identify issues and provide points for and/or against
Distinguish / Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from; to note differences between
Evaluate / Make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of
Examine / Inquire into
Explain / Relate cause and effect; make the relationships between things evident; provide why and/or how
Extract / Choose relevant and/or appropriate details
Extrapolate / Infer from what is known
Identify / Recognise and name
Interpret / Draw meaning from
Investigate / Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about
Justify / Support an argument or conclusion
Outline / Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features of
Predict / Suggest what may happen based on available information
Propose / Put forward (for example a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion) for consideration or action
Recall / Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences
Recommend / Provide reasons in favour
Recount / Retell a series of events
Summarise / Express, concisely, the relevant details
Synthesise / Putting together various elements to make a whole
9.2 HSC Core 2: Factors Affecting Performance
This module should occupy approximately 30% of total course time
Module Description
This compulsory module examines the factors that affect performance. In this module, students explore the physical and psychological bases of performance. They experience and critically analyse approaches to training and skill development and investigate the contributions of psychology, nutrition and recovery strategies to performance.
In this module, students investigate the following critical questions:
· How does training affect performance?
· How can psychology affect performance?
· How can nutrition and recovery strategies affect performance?
· How does the acquisition of skill affect performance?
This module enables students to take action to influence their own performance and enhance that of others through coaching applications.
Opportunity is provided in the HSC option Improving Performance for more detailed consideration of factors affecting performance and the considerations of a coach in supporting the performance of athletes.
Outcomes
A student:
H7 explains the relationship between physiology and movement potential
H8 explains how a variety of training approaches and other interventions enhance performance and safety in physical activity
H9 explains how movement skill is acquired and appraised
H10 designs and implements training plans to improve performance
H11 designs psychological strategies and nutritional plans in response to individual performance needs
H16 devises methods of gathering, interpreting and communicating information about health and physical activity concepts
H17 selects appropriate options and formulates strategies based on a critical analysis of the factors that affect performance and safe participation.
How does training affect performance?Teacher Note: Students should be provided with opportunities to explore the concepts dealt with in this module through a variety of practical experiences.
Students learn about: / Students learn to:
· energy systems
- alactacid system (ATP/PC)
- lactic acid system
- aerobic system / · analyse each energy system by exploring:
– source of fuel
– efficiency of ATP production
– duration that the system can operate
– cause of fatigue
– by-products of energy production
– process and rate of recovery
· types of training and training methods
- aerobic, eg continuous, Fartlek, aerobic interval, circuit
- anaerobic, eg anaerobic interval
- flexibility, eg static, ballistic, PNF, dynamic
- strength training, eg free/fixed weights, elastic, hydraulic / · assess the relevance of the types of training and training methods for a variety of sports by asking questions such as:
- which types of training are best suited to different sports?
- which training method(s) would be most appropriate? Why?
- how would this training affect performance?
· principles of training
- progressive overload
- specificity
- reversibility
- variety
- training thresholds
- warm up and cool down / · analyse how the principles of training can be applied to both aerobic and resistance training
· physiological adaptations in response to training
- resting heart rate
- stroke volume and cardiac output
- oxygen uptake and lung capacity
- haemoglobin level
- muscle hypertrophy
- effect on fast/slow twitch muscle fibres / · examine the relationship between the principles of training, physiological adaptations and improved performance
Energy System – Click view Video
Watch the following video and answer the question below.
Source – Click view
ENERGY SYSTEMS
Read the following below and choose the most correct word for the blank spaces.
Carbohydrates, prolonged, capacity, recycle, creatine, contraction, demand, ATP, muscular, production, adenosine, continued, generates,
Body and Exercise
Human Body derives energy from food in the form of fats, ______and proteins. The method by which the body ______energy is determined by the rate of energy ______i.e. intensity and duration of an activity. Activities such as sprinting that require sudden bursts of effort need a large ______over a short period of time as opposed to distance running that need ______energy production over a ______period of time.
Energy can be defined as the ______or ability to perform work. Energy released from the breakdown of food cannot be used directly to enable use to move. The energy is captured and then used as required to ______an energy compound that has lost its power to drive ______contraction. This process involves the resynthesis of the primary high energy compound called ______triphosphate (ATP) and its backup energy compound called ______phosphate (CP). It enables the body to keep using the basic energy ingredient (ATP), rather than constantly requiring fresh fuel supplies. The body’s fuels are converted to ______before being used and can be stored in very small amounts in the cells. ATP enables the release of energy for muscular ______but also for processes such as digestion, blood circulation, glandular functions and tissues building and repair.
ATP Production
Energy systems
The body has 3 energy systems that rebuild ATP and does so according to our needs. The body uses a combination of all systems to ensure our energy needs are being met. Once again it depends on the intensity and duration of the activity that determines which energy system is predominantly being used.
The 3 systems that make ATP available are as follows:
1. Alactacid system (ATP/PC system)
2. Lactic acid system (glycoltytic system)
3. Aerobic system (oxygen system)
The alactacid and lactic acid energy system are anaerobic because they do not require ______for the resynthesis of ATP. The aerobic energy system is ______dependent which means that ATP produced using this system relies in the availability of sufficient oxygen in the cells.
TASK
Label the energy systems on the diagram.
Analyse the diagram and with the person next to
you identify 4 different types of sport/exercises or
components of sport that predominantly uses
each of the energy systems.
1. ATP/PC
______
______
______
2. Lactic/Glycolysis
______
______
______
3. Aerobic
______
______
______
Alactacid Energy system
Read pages 153-155 of your outcomes textbook and complete the table below. Sections have been completed for you.
Alactacid energy system (ATP/PC)How does the energy system work / After movement, ATP forms ADP. Creatinephosphate (CP) is broken down to form creation and phosphate. The spare phosphate can then combine with ADP to form ATP and movement can occur again. The same process occurs again. The problem is CP supplies will be exhausted within 10-12 seconds and take 2 minutes to be restored.
Source of Fuel
Efficiency of ATP production / VERY LIMITED. Enough for 10-12 seconds of maximal effort. Efficient in the absence of oxygen for short explosive movements. CP is 5 times greater that that of ATP, with ATP being limited if the demand for energy is high. The system can recover quickly for only for short explosive movements
Duration of the system
Cause of fatigue / At maximal effort, fatigue is caused by the inability of the system to continually resynthesise ADP from CP because CP supplies are quickly exhausted. After 100m you can’t sprint using a maximal effort.
By-products (waste) of energy production / .
Rate of recovery / .
Sports mainly using this energy system / Athletic filed events – high jump, long jump, discus, shot put, 100m sprinters – running, Making a break – rugby league, rugby union, netball movements, weight lifting, starts in running events, tennis serve, volleyball spike, golf drive, gymnastic vault
Creatine loading
Read the short article on pg 155 of your Outcomes textbook.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using creatine as a performance enhancing tool.
______
Inquiry question – It is particularly evident in an all out sprint over 150m, where the winner will not be the athlete that accelerates the most to the finish, but the one who slows down the least in the final metres of the race. Explain the above statement showing understanding of how the alactacid system works.
______
______
Lactic Energy System
The lactic energy system is required as ATP still needs to be produced after CP stores have been exhausted. It takes a couple of minutes for the blood to move from the lungs around the muscles to drop off oxygen where it is in high demand. The lactic energy system does not require oxygen and is therefore the predominant energy system for exercise longer than 10-15 seconds up to two minutes. It depends on the intensity of the exercise.
Read pages 156-158 of your Outcomes textbook and complete the table below. Sections have been completed for you.
Lactic Energy System/ Glycolysis systemHow does the energy system work / The body uses immediate blood sugar supplies (glycogen) in the blood, muscles and liver. The process of using glucose is called glycolysis. Oxygen is not available at this stage, so anaerobic glycolysis occurs. Glucose is broken down to produce energy. During high intensity exercise (approx 80-95% maximum effort) the body breaks down the glycogen without oxygen present to form ATP and lactic acid. Since there is not enough oxygen, lactic acid builds up in the muscles due to partial breakdown of glucose.
Source of Fuel
Efficiency of ATP production / Limited. ATP is rapidly available but is uses up large amounts of glucose.
Duration of the system / .
Cause of fatigue / Lactic acid (a waste product) builds up in the muscles leading to fatigue and exhaustion. The body is slow to remove the lactic acid so it is its rate of removal that causes fatigue. Excessive high levels of lactic acid prevent the muscle fibres from contracting and result in a rapid deterioration in performance. Can be enhanced with the correct training techniques, lactic acid can be sued as a fuel source with training.
By-products (waste) of energy production
Rate of recovery
Sports mainly using this energy system / 200m sprint, 400m running, 800m running, 200m freestyle, gymnastic routines, 50m sprinters swimming, consecutive basketball fast breaks, high intensity 15-20 sec squash rally, elite netball centre in close game.
Causes of fatigue in the Lactic Energy System
Read the section on the causes of fatigue on pg 157 of your Outcomes textbook.
Write a step by step description of how the lactic acid energy system becomes fatigued.
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______
Read the snapshot on page 158 of your Outcomes textbook.
Explain how lactic acid may help and not hinder athletic performance.
______
Practical workshop – Lactic Acid Energy System – 400m
Participate in a 400m run and discuss the physical signs of lactic acid accumulation. Examine the cause of fatigue.
Objective
To measure the degree to which performance is affected in various intensities of exercise.
Procedure
1. Subjects are to work in pairs, one performing and one recording. Then roles are reversed.
2. An adequate warm up is required. Take heart rates before warm up, and before sprint.
3. Subjects are to sprint at maximal effort for 400m.
4. At the end of the sprint, partners are to record the feelings of the subject by asking questions regarding breathing, feelings in legs and overall body feelings. The subject’s heart rate is also recorded.
5. Once the sprint distance is covered, subjects are to continue to jog or walk until the heart rate returns to resting levels. Record the time that this takes.
6. The subject then reverses roles with their partners.
Fill in the recording table below.
400 m sprint / Beginning / Middle / EndBreathing
Rate, depth, ease
Legs
Sore, heavy, light
Overall Body feeling / N/A
Heart rate (bpm) / N/A
What signs of lactic acid accumulation did you experience?
______
How did the lactic acid affect your performance? Explain?
______
______
Aerobic Energy System
The aerobic energy system requires the presence of oxygen to ensure muscles are able to continually contract. Oxygen becomes available to muscles gradually when we begin to exercise as the oxygen rich blood fills the muscle cells. The process of aerobic metabolism breaks down glucose, fat and sometimes protein in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP.
Read pages 160-162 of your Outcomes textbook and complete the table below. Sections have been completed for you.
Aerobic Energy SystemHow does the energy system work / During continuous activity the body supplies oxygen to the muscles. Oxygen is used to break down glycogen in the muscles and blood, fat and sometimes protein to form ATP. This process can be continually repeated. Lactic acid does not form due to oxygen being present.
Source of Fuel
Efficiency of ATP production / Unlimited at low intensity.
Duration of the system
Cause of fatigue / The aerobic system will continue until muscle glycogen or stored energy in the forms of carbohydrate, fats and proteins have been utilised. The body will tire when glycogen fuel stores run out as it is the best source of fuel for muscles. Body uses fat stores. The problem with this is fat stores require more oxygen for metabolism than carbohydrates. “Hitting the wall”
By-products (waste) of energy production
Rate of recovery
Sports mainly using this energy system / Triathlon, marathon, running, 1500m swimming, cycling road race, water polo game, 200m rowing race, AFL mid field, cross country skiing
Energy systems summary