TAKS Review 5 – Cellular Structure/ DNA and Genetic Traits

  1. Living organisms exist in the environment that is most conducive to their particular needs. Everything that the organism does is geared toward maintaining its optimum conditions, also known as ______. One thing that must be vigilantly controlled is the transport of water, nutrients and waste across the cell membrane. Transport of materials that requires energy on the part of the cell is ______transport. Transport of materials can occur without using energy, like in ______, which is simply the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. When this type of movement involves movement of water it is known as ______.
  2. Within the cell, there are many specialized structure known as ______, each of which performs a certain function. ______are the structures where the chemical energy of food is broken down into the cellular energy known as ______. Proteins are the most common product of cells, and are produced by the ______. Some proteins are transported out of the cells by another structure known as the ______. In the ______proteins are modified, sorted and packaged for exportation. ______are structures present in animal cells that contain enzymes for breaking down substances not needed by the cell. ______are structures present in photosynthetic cells where the chlorophyll is stored. Plant cells differ structurally from animal cells by the presence of a ______to give strength and support to the cell. In eukaryotic cells, there is a structure that contains the genetic material, the _____, of the cell. This structure that serves as the nerve center of the cell is the ______.
  3. Within the cells many macromolecules play important roles. ______are the main source of food for the cell and may be simple ______like glucose, or more complex chains called polysaccharides. The most common polysaccharides are ______, found in both plants and animals and ______, which give strength and structure to woody plants like trees. Also important in the cell, proteins are long chains of ______that are put together in a particular pattern according to the cellular DNA. Fats, also known as ______, are used in membrane structure among other functions. The data storage units in the cells, deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid are made of smaller components, the ______. Each of these component pieces is comprised of three parts, a ______, a ______, and a ______. DNA and RNA have similar 5 carbon sugars, that differ by only one oxygen molecule; RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose. The nitrogen bases in nucleic acids exist in pairs; ______always pairs with ______; in DNA adenine pairs with ______, while in RNA adenine pairs with ______. The four nitrogen bases of DNA are of two types, the ______which have a two ring structure, like ______and ______and the ______, which have a single ring, like ______and ______DNA molecules have a characteristic ______shape, while RNA is a single stranded molecule. DNA is organized in compact strands called ______.