MOTIVATIONAL PAT TERNS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN
SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES: A CASE STUDY IN
SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA
BY
CHINONYE OKAFOR
( CU03PG0032 )
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (ENTREPRENEURSHIP) OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS STUDIES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
COVENANT UNIVERSITY OTA
OGUN STATE
NIGERIA
APRIL , 2009
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this study was carried out by Chinonye Okafor in the Department of Business Studies, Covenant University, Ota, under our supervision and that this has not been submitted for the award of any degree in this or any other University.
Prof. S. O. Otokiti
Supervisor Signature and Date ----------------------------------
Prof. B. Oghojafor
Co-Supervisor Signature and Date ----------------------------------
Prof. S. O. Otokiti Signature and Date ----------------------------------
Head of Department of Business Studies
Covenant University
Ota
Nigeria
DECLARATION
It is hereby declare that this research was undertaken by Chinonye Okafor. This thesis (Motivational Patterns of Women Entrepreneurs in Small And Medium Scale Enterprises: A Case Study in South-West Nigeria) is based on her original study in the Department of Business Studies, College of Business and Social Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, under the supervision of Prof. S. O. Otokiti and Prof. B. Oghojafor. Ideas and views of this research work are products of the original research undertaken by Chinonye Okafor and the views of other researchers have been duly expressed and acknowledged.
Prof. S. O. Otokiti
Supervisor Signature and Date ------------------------------
Prof. B. Oghojafor
Co-Supervisor Signature and Date ------------------------------
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to the Almighty God, the owner of the universe and the fountain of life for giving his servant Bishop David Oyedepo the vision of Covenant University and for empowering me to undertake and finish this work. I also dedicate this thesis to Bishop David Oyedepo and to the memory of Mr. Steve Okoro for laying the foundation of my career.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Profiting in any area of life demands a help from above, dogged mind on the inside and a supportive environment full of people with good will. The story of this accomplished work will ever be told in acknowledgement of persons and individuals, who influenced, encouraged and provided succour towards the successful completion of this thesis. My eternal appreciation goes to God Almighty, who gave me life, knowledge, understanding and vitality to undertake this laborious task without any form of mental break down. I sincerely appreciate my father in the Lord and Chancellor of Covenant University, Bishop David Oyedepo and his wife Pastor (Mrs) Faith Oyedepo for their leadership quality which spurred creative mind to believe in the realm of possibility.
A very deep respect and honour to the Vice Chancellor of Covenant University, Professor Aize Obayan, the University foundation Registrar, Deacon Yemi Nathaniel and the incumbent Registrar, Dr. Daniel Rotimi for providing and ensuring sound management structure that has given room for the work to be carried out without much stress. Your commitment to the vision and the staff will always be treasured by me. To what extent will my deepest gratitude quantify such laborious effort of my very dear and able Supervisor, Professor S.O. Otokiti? Your keen and analytical mind has brought the best out of me as reflected in this well attested task. The commitment that brought your academic resources towards this work to which my scholarly accomplishment is hinged is highly appreciated. My appreciation also goes to Prof. B. Oghojafor, my co-supervisor for his academic inputs into the work. My sincere appreciation goes to Prof. J. Bello for helping me to find my bearing in the Business Studies Department of Covenant University.
If I exhibit any level of insight, it is by ridding on the shoulders of many who have worked ahead of me. For this, I appreciate such impactful influence of the from great minds in the College of Business and Social Sciences, especially the Dean of the College - Prof. M. Ajayi for his counsel and others such as Prof. J.A. T. Ojo, Prof. Olushola. Ojo, Prof. C. Ige, Prof. L. Osuagwu, Prof. G. Olutunla, Prof. K. Omideyi, Prof. D. Ike, Prof. Fadayomi, Prof. D. Omoweh, Dr. J. Familoni, Dr. Adedayo, Dr. I. Ogunriola, Dr. P. Adelusi, Dr. D. Gberevbie, Dr. S. Urenmadu, Dr. J. Ayam, Dr. W. Olayiwola, Dr. O. Ashikhia, Dr. P. Alege, Dr. T. Adegoke, for their contributions. To my colleagues whose supports I enjoyed during the pursuit of this task, Pastor Oladun, Mrs Adegbaju, Mrs. Otaru, Mrs. Oni-John, Mrs. Fayomi, Mr. J. Taiwo, Messrs Worlu, Kehinde, Adegbuyi, Akanbi, Oyeniyi, Amooh, Ibiduni, Bamiro, Ojo, Akinyele, Tongo, Okodua, Alex, Ewatan, Adewole, Agboola, Fadugba, Urhie, Adetiloye, Efobi, Epetimehin, Inaboya, Mr. and Mrs. Duruji,, Mrs. Ogbari, Mrs. Agboola, Mrs. Oyerinde, Mrs. Banwo, Adeniji, Sis. Mosu, Chi-Chi, Debby and others. My appreciation also goes to the Head and staff of my former department; Accounting Department of Covenant University, in the person of Dr. P. Enyi, Elder F. Iyoha, Mrs. Umoren, Mr. Enahoro, Mr. and Mrs. Uwalomwa, Mr. and Mrs. Fagboyede, Mr. Ikpefan, Mr. Adeyemo and others where I first started my Ph.D programme. May all your endeavour be clouded with success. I must not forget to mention the staff of the Accounting department of University of Jos, where I started my career life. To such persons like Prof. A. A. Okwoli, Dr. E. Ekoja, Dr. Maimako, Dr. Ocholi, Dr. (Mrs.) Jat and host of others. I appreciate you all.
I sincerely appreciate such interdisciplinary academic input from such great minds in the College of Human Development which has made this work richer. I thank Prof. C. Ogbologo, Prof. S. Odukumuya, Dr. R. Ndom, Dr. Chiluwa, Dr. G Adejumo, Dr. T. Abioye, Dr. Simpson, Dr. A. Shobola, Dr. H. Abimbola, Dr. E. Mathew, Messrs Wogu, and Owoeye, Sis Stella, Mrs George, Mrs. Babatunde and others whose efforts were sacrificed for this work and those for which space will not permit me to mention by name. May God’s blessings reflect in all your steps. My thanks to my senior colleagues and friends in the College of Science and Technology; Prof. J. Katende, Prof. Babatunde, Prof. Omoleye, Prof. Adeyemi, Prof. C.K. Ayo, Dr. Chidi, Dr. N. Omoregbe, Engr. A. Adoghe, Philip, Olugbumiro and others for various contributions.
I also sincerely appreciate the efforts of the staff of Center for System Information Services for the part they played towards the success of this work. My thanks go to Engr. M. Ogbulu-chi, Mrs. M. Aboyade, Mr. A. Abolade, Mr. D. Ajayi, Mr. Damola, Miss D. Owolabi, B. Babalola, Mrs. B. Adesiyan, Miss N. Abolarin, Mrs. V. Oluyori, Mr. R. Ogboh, Mr. D. Olopade and Mr. E. Tanimonure. May God bless you all. My gratitude also to the Covenant University library staff starting from the Liberian, Mr. Nkiko and others like Mrs. Ilo, Pst. Osayande, Sis. Ronke, Mrs. Yusuf, Mr. and Mrs. Abayomi, Bro. Chidi and others for their assistance in ensuring that I had access to relevant books and journals needed for this work. My deep appreciation goes to the staff of the University of Lagos and Ibadan Libraries for their academic support during the course of this research work. I appreciate the moral support of the following staff of the Covenant University in the persons of Mr. Kalu, Mr. Onochie, Bro. Williams, Val, Philip, Raphael, Vincent, Sis Bummi, Sis. Nike, Bro. Daniel of the Corporate Affair unit and others. I also appreciate the academic support of the following staff of the faculty of Business Administration of the University of Lagos in the persons of Prof. N. Asika, Prof. I. Achumba, Prof. Akingbade, Prof. Fajana, Prof. Banjoko, Prof. A. Adeleke, Femi, Okonji and others.
This list cannot be exhausted without appreciating the prayers, financial and moral support of the following people; Prof. P. Izedonmi, Prof. E. Emeyeonu, Prof. G. Jireh, Prof. Inegbonebor, Prof. Oloyede, Deacon William, Dr. C. Mordi, Dr. S. Singh, Pastor and Mrs. Zion, Bro Goddy, Ambrose, Mr. and Mrs. K. Dike, Mr. and Mrs. Mike Orji,, Sis. Ekwy, Deacon and Deaconess Duke, Mr. and Mrs. Ashinze, Mr. and Mrs. Madu, Mr. and Mrs. Agbi, Mr. and Mrs. Christopher, Mr. and Mrs. Nwaorisa, Mr and Mrs. Ayinde, Mr. and Mrs. U. Uwaleke, Mr. and Mrs. Nwagbaoso, Mr. and Mrs. Alero, Mr. and Mrs. Amadi, Mrs Anzolo, Mr. and Mrs. Tapgun, Mrs. Adamu, Mrs. Adebayo, Mr. and Mrs. Okpala, Mrs. G. Okoro, Mr. and Mrs. B. Okoro, Sis. Ekwy, Laraba, Chioma, Anty Cheta, Ayo, Yomi, Moji, Bro. Sunny, Ugochukwu, Andrew, Ngozi, Chigozie, Chinwe Chidinma, Chuka, Chinedu, Grace and all the members of Okoro and Okafor families. My thanks also go to the executive director and members of the staff Concept Publications Limited for their moral support. Many thanks to my Dearest Mummy and her Brother– Mrs. Violet Okafor and Mr. Steeve Okoro (in memory) for their love, strong faith and contributions in my life and to My dear; Bro. Jacob and all his family members; Daddy; Mummy Peace, Bro Chidi, Ugo, Obi, and others for their prayers, love, care, patience, and moral support through out the periods of this study. May God bless you all.
Ch inonye Okafor
June, 2009
ABSTRACT
This study is aimed at examining the motivational patterns of women entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises using South-West Nigeria as case study. The specific objectives include: (i) to examine the factors that motivate women entrepreneurs across different industrial sectors in the South-West Nigeria; (ii) to and analyze the relationship between motivation and the performance of women in SMEs sub-sector; (iii) to determine the relationship between the factors that motivate women entrepreneurs and the challenges they face in business (iv) to examine the relationship between the factors that motivate women entrepreneurs and their type of business ownership; (iv) to determine if there is significant relationship between environmental factors and women entrepreneurial motivation. The data required for this study was gathered through the instruments of questionnaire, in-depth interview and participant observation. Five hundred and seventy (570) copies of questionnaires were administered out of which four hundred and twenty two (422) copies of the questionnaires were collated for the analysis. To achieve the objectives of this study, five hypotheses were formulated from the structure of research questions. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), chi-square, correlation coefficient, concentration and diversification technique based on Standard Industrial Trade Classification and other statistical tools were used in testing these hypotheses. The results show significant relationship between motivational patterns of women entrepreneurs and their performance; the challenges they face in business; their type of business ownership and environmental factors. The study also revealed that motivational factors which were classified into four different categories (push and pull; intrinsic and extrinsic; forced and chanced and internal and external factors) can act as both predictive and preventive measure for women entrepreneurs. Based on these findings and for policy implications, the study suggests that more women should be encouraged to start business and be equipped with managerial skills for effective performance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page s
Title Page………..…………………………………………………………………..….....i
Certification…………………………………………………………………………..…...ii
Declaration ……………………………………………………………………………….iii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………….......iv
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………….…..v
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….viii
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………….…...ix
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………….....xii
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………...xvi
List of Appendices……………………………………………………………………..xviii
List of Models …………………………………………………………………………..xix
List of Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………....…xx
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the Study…..…………………………………………………………..1
1.2. Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………………..4
1.3. Research Questions……………………………………………………………….…...7
1.4. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………….…….7
1.5. Hypotheses of the Study………………………………………………………….…...8
1.6. Significance of the Study………………………………………………………….…..8
1.7. Scope of the Study…………………………………………………………………....9
1.8. Limitation of the Study……………………………..……………………….....……..9
1.9. Operationalization of Variables………..……………………………………….….....9
1.10. Delimitation of the Study ……………………………………………………..…....10
1.11. The Structure of the Work……………………………………………………….…11
1.12. Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………….……..11
References ……………………………………………………………………….... 15
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. Introduction …………………………………………………...…………...…….20
2.1 Conceptual Issues ……………………….……………………...………......……20
2.1.1. Definition, Classification, Size and Characteristics of SMEs Sector .…..….….....20
2.1.2. Contributions, Challenges and Government Policies of SMEs. ……..………….….32
2.1.3. The Concept and Types of Entrepreneurs….…..……..…………………………53
2.1.4. Nature, Profile, Status of Women Entrepreneurship………..…..………..…..….63
2.1.5. Characteristics, Challenges and Role of Women Entrepreneur……………….....67
2.1.6. The Concept and Types of Motivation …...…...………..……………………… 84
2.2. Theoretical Literature ...………………………………………………………….90
2.2.1. Theories of Entrepreneurship……………………………………….....................90
2.2.2. Theories of Motivation…………………………………………………………111
2.2.3. Feminist Theories …..…………………………………..………..……………. 126
2.3. Empirical Literature………………….……………………………………........130
2.3.1. Women Entrepreneurial Motivation ……..…………………………………….130
2.3.2. Men and Women Entrepreneurial Motivational Factors…….............................136
2:3.3. Motivational Patterns of Women Entrepreneurs……………….………………139
2.3.4. Motivation and Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs……...............140
2.3.5. Motivation and the Challenges Women Entrepreneurs Face in Business..…….142
2.3.6. Motivation and Type of Entrepreneurial Ownership among women …....…….143
2.3.7. Women Entrepreneurial Motivation and Environmental Factors…………........145
2.3.8. Empowerment as a tool for Motivating Women Entrepreneurs…….………. ...147
2.3.9. Effects, Ways and Support Services of Motivational Factors on
Women Entrepreneurs ………………………………………………………....149
2.4. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………......153
References …………………………………………………………………… ..156
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD OLOGY
3.0. Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 180
3.1. Study Area……...……………………………..………………………………..180
3.2. Research Design………………………………………………………………...182
3.3. Population of the Study………………………………………………………...183
3.4. Sample Size Determination………………………………………………….....183
3.5. Sampling Procedure…………………………………………………………….184
3.6. Sampling Frame …………….………………..……………………………… ..186
3.7. Sources of Data………….……………………………………………………...187
3.8. Data Collection Techniques………………………………………………..…...187
3.9. Research Instruments …………………………………………………………..188
3.10 Measurement of Variables……………………….……….…………..…….…..190
3.11. Validity of the Research Instrument……………………………….……….......194
3.12. Reliability of the Research Instrument………………………………….……...195
3.13. Method of Data Analysis…………………………………………….…..……..196
References …………………………………………………………………….. 199
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION , ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
4.0 Introduction ………………………………………………..………………….. 204
4.1 Survey Results …………………………………………..……………………..204
4.2. Descriptive Analysis of Variables………………………………...……………205
4.3. Hypotheses Testing………………………………….………………………….237
4.4. Women Entrepreneurial Traits and Environmental Factors ………………… 244
4.5. Women Entrepreneurial Motivation and Environmental Concentration ………249
4.6. Content Analysis ……………………………………………………………….250
References …………………………………………….…………...………….. 254
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Summary of the Work ……………………………………..…………………… 258
5.2. Discussion of the Findings…………………...…………….……………...…… 259
5.2.1. Discussion of Hypothesis 1 …………………………….………………….…..260
5.2.2. Discussion of Hypothesis 2………………...………...…………………………..262
5.2.3. Discussion of Hypothesis 3 ………………………..……………………….……264
5.2.4. Discussion of Hypothesis 4 ………..…………..……………………….………..266
5.2.5. Discussion of Hypothesis 5 ……………………..……………………….……....267
5.3. Summary of the Findings ………………………..…………………………….. 268
5.4. Conclusions ……………………………………………………………….….….270
5.5. Implications of the Findings to Policy Making ………….…………….……..….271
5.6. Recommendations………….……………………………...…………………..…272
5.7. Problems Encountered During the Study……………………………………….. 273
5.8. Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research ………………………… ..…274
5.9. Contribution to Knowledge …………………….…………………………..…. ..275
5.10. Models …………………………………………..…………………………..… 277
References ……………………………………………………..……………..… 285
Bibliography…………………………..……………………………………….. 292
Appendices……………………………………..……………………………..... 334