COASTLINEBONES STUDY GUIDE
CLAVICLE
1. sternal extremity (end) –flat end
2. acromial extremity (end) –rounded end
3. conoidtubercle (“cone shaped”) –near round end
SCAPULARight or left scapula?
1. Superior border (superior margin)
2. Medial border (vertebral margin)
3. Lateral border (axillary margin)
4. Glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa)
5. Infraglenoid tubercle
6-7. inferior angle, superior angle
8. Scapular spine
9. Acromion process
10. Coracoid process (“hook shaped”)
11. Scapular notch (suprascapular notch)
12-14. supraspinousfossa, infraspinousfossa, subscapularfossa
HUMERUS. Right or left?
1. Head
2. Greater tubercle
3. Lesser tubercle
4. Intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
5. Anatomical neck
6. Surgical neck
7. Deltoid tuberosity
8. Medial epicondyle
9. Lateral epicondyle
10. Capitulum
11. Trochlea
12. Supracondylar ridges (medial and lateral)
13. Coronoidfossa
14. Radial fossa
15. Olecranon fossa
ULNA. Right or left?
1. Olecranon process
2. Coronoid process (“crow’s beak”)
3. Semilunar notch (trochlear notch)
4. Radial notch
5. Styloid process
6. Head
RADIUS
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Radial tuberosity
4. Styloid process
5. Ulnar notch
CARPALS
1. TRAPEZIUM (by the thumb)
2. TRAPEZOID (right beside thumb)
3. CAPITATE (base of 3rd met)
4. HAMATE (base of 4-5th mets)
5. TRIANGULAR (lateral-most)
6. PISIFORM (on palmar side, under triangular)
7. LUNATE (the one next to scaphoid)
8. SCAPHOID (the largest; near the thumb)
METACARPALS; They are numbered metacarpal 1-5.
PHALANGES: Proximal, intermediate, distal, (“distal phalanx of digit 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5”)
The thumb and big toe are missing the intermediate phalanx
SKULL
Frontal bone
1. Coronal suture
2. Supraorbital foramen (supraorbital notch)
3. Superior orbital fissure
4. Inferior orbital fissure (actually, this is part of the sphenoid bone)
Parietal bones
1. Sagittal suture
2. Squamous suture (squamosal suture)
Occipital bone
1. Lambdoidal suture
2. Foramen magnum (for spinal cord and vertebral arteries)
3. Occipital condyles
4. Hypoglossal canal (for hypoglossal nerve)
Temporal bones
1. External auditory meatus (eternal acoustic meatus)
2. Mandibular fossa
3. Zygomatic process (don’t write “zygomatic” since that is another bone)
4. Styloid process
5. Mastoid process
6. Squamous portion
7. Petrous portion (contains the ear ossicles/bones)
8. Jugular foramen (for jugular vein)
9. Internal auditory meatus (internal acoustic meatus for vestibulocochlear nerve)
Sphenoid bone
1. Sellaturcica(where the pituitary gland sits)
2. Lesser wings
3. Greater wings
4. Optic foramen (for optic nerve)
5. Pterygoid processes (“wing-like”)
6. Foramen ovale (for trigeminal nerve)
7. Foramen spinosum
8. Foramen rotundum (for trigeminal nerve)
9. Carotid canal (for carotid artery; actually, this canal is part of the temporal bone)
10. Foramen lacerum
Ethmoid bone
1. Crista galli
2. Cribiform plate (area with holes in it for olfactory nerves)
3. Olfactory foramina (the holes in the cribiform plate)
4. Ethmoid sinuses
5. Perpendicular plate
6. Middle nasal conchae
Mandible
1. Ramus
2. angle
3. Body
4. Condylar process (mandibular condyle)
5. Mandibular notch
6. Coronoid process
7. Alveolar process
8. Mental foramen
9. Mandibular foramen
Maxilla
1. Alveolar processes
2. Maxillary sinuses(skip)
3. Zygomatic process
4. Infraorbital foramen (for trigeminal nerve)
5. Incisive foramen
Other skull bones:
1. Zygomatic bones
2. Nasal bones
3. Lacrimal bones
4. Palatine bones
5. Vomer bone
FETAL SKULL
- Anterior fontanel
- Posterior fontanel
- Sphenoid fontanel
- Mastoid fontanel
EAR BONES
- Malleus (mallet shaped)
- Incus (anvil shaped)
- Stapes (stirrup shaped)
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse processes (skip)
3. Lamina
4. Pedicle(skip)
5. Body
6. Vertebral foramen
7. Transverse foramina
ATLAS (Don’t just call it C-1)
AXIS (Don’t just call it C-2)
1. Dens
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse processes with articular facet
3. Lamina
4. Pedicle
5. Body
6. Vertebral foramen
7. Inferior articular processes
8. Superior articular processes
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse processes
3. Lamina
4. Pedicle
5. Body
6. Vertebral foramen
7. Inferior articular processes
8. Superior articular processes
KNOW THE FOLLOWING ON A FULL SKELETON VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
1. Intervertebral foramina
2. Intervertebral disc
SACRUM
1. Sacral canal
2. sacral foramina
3. median sacral crest
4. ala
5. Auricular surface (on the ala)
6. Sacral promontory (upper lip of sacrum on internal side)
COCCYX
- Apex
- Base
STERNUM
MANUBRIUM
Jugular notch
Clavicular notches
Costal notches
BODY
Costal notches
XIPHOID PROCESS
RIBS: (Twelve ribs altogether)
Know the following on a full skeleton only
7 TRUE RIBS
5 FALSE RIBS(2 of these ribs are the floating ribs)
2FLOATING RIBS
COSTAL CARTILAGES
Know the following on a single rib
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Articular tubercle
4. Costal angle
5. costal groove
HYOID BONE
1. Cornu
LOWER EXTREMITY
OS COXA: The fusion of 3 bones during childhood (ileum, ischium, and pubis):
1. Acetabulum
2. Obturator foramen
ILIUM
1. Iliac crest
2. Iliac fossa
3. Anterior superior iliac spine
4. Anterior inferior iliac spine
5. Posterior superior iliac spine
6. Posterior inferior iliac spine
7. Greater sciatic notch
ISCHIUM
1. Ischial spine
2. Ischial tuberosity
3. Lesser sciatic notch
PUBIS
1. Pubic symphysis
2. Pubic arch
3. Pubic crest
FEMUR (right or left?)
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Greater trochanter
4. Lesser trochanter
5. Gluteal tuberosity
6. Medial condyle
7. Medial epicondyle
8. Lateral condyle
9. Intertrochanteric crest
10. Fovea capitis
11. Linea aspera
12. Popliteal fossa
TIBIA(right or left?)
1. Lateral condyle
2. Medial condyle
3. Tibial tuberosity
4. Medial malleolus
5. Anterior crest
6. Intercondylar eminence
7. Fibular notch
FIBULA
1. Head
2. Lateral malleolus
FOOT:
TARSALS:
1. TALUS
2. CALCANEUS
3. NAVICULAR
4. CUBOID
5. CUNEIFORMS (MEDIAL, INTERMEDIATE, LATERAL)
METATARSALS (1-5). The 5th metatarsal has a STYLOID PROCESS (add this to flashcards)
PHALANGES (proximal, intermediate, distal)
The thumb and big toe are missing the intermediate phalanx
PATELLA
- Apex
- Base
- Articular facet
THE KNEE
- patellar ligament (or patellar tendon)
- quadriceps tendon
- lateral collateral ligament (fibular collateral ligament)
- medial collateral ligament (tibial collateral ligament)
- lateral meniscus
- medial meniscus
- anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
HISTOLOGY = “tissues”
I.epithelia
A.simple epithelia
1.simple squamous epithelium (kidney glomerulus and lung alveolus)
2.simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney convoluted tubules)
3.simple columnar epithelium (small intestine)
4.pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
B.stratified epithelia
1.stratified squamous epithelia
a.keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (dry skin)
b. non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (moist skin)
2.stratified cuboidal epithelium (skin sweat gland)
3. stratified columnar epithelium (male urethra)
4. transitional epithelium (bladder)
II.fibrous (proper) connective tissues
A.loose fibrous/areolar connective tissue (upper dermis)
B.adipose tissue (deep todermis)
C.reticular connective tissue (lymph nodes and spleen)
D.dense regular fibrous connective tissue (tendons, ligaments)
E.dense irregular fibrous connective tissue (joint capsules and lower dermis)
III. special connective tissues
A.cartilages
1.hyaline cartilage (joints, nose, trachea)
2.elastic cartilage (ear)
3.fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs, knee meniscus)
B.bone tissues
1.compact bone (bone shafts: diaphysis)
2.spongy bone (bone ends: epiphysis)
C.blood (in blood vessels)
IV.muscle tissues
A.skeletal (striated) muscle (muscle attached to bones)
B.cardiac muscle (heart)
C.smooth muscle (digestive organs)
V.nervous tissue (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
The structures in bold are not covered in Unit 1
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