AP Biology Unit 7: Evolution

Chapters 18,19,22,23,24,25

Learning Objective / Activities / HW
Viruses and Bacteria / TRP Operon model / CH 18-19 packet
Online Tutorial
Overview of Evolution: Macro- & Micro; Darwin & Wallace / CH 18 and 19 quiz; Wooly Warm Lab
Natural Selection &
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium / Examples of Hardy-Weinberg
Quiz & Essay Practice / Quiz 7.1: Natural SelectionHardy-Weinberg
Speciation
AP Lab 8: Population Genetics & Evolution / Quiz 7.2: Hardy-Weinberg & Speciation AP Lab #8
Evolved Diversity & Classification
Review
Unit 7 Exam
# / Assignment / Date due / Points possible / Points earned
1 / CH 18-19 packet / 30
2 / Wooly Worm Lab / 50
3 / Practice Essays / 40
4 / Practice Test / 30
5 / AP Lab 8 / 50
6
7
8
Assignment total / 200
Assessment / Date / Points possible / Points earned
Quiz 19&19 / Thurs. 2/18 / 30
Quiz 7.1 / Tues. 2/23 / 40
Quiz 7.2 / Mon. 3/1 / 50
Unit 7 Exam / Mon. 3/7 / 175

AP Biology Outline for Evolution

  1. Darwin-Wallace Theory and its Predecessors
  1. Modern Concepts of Natural Selection
  1. Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

and mutation, genetic drift, polymorphism, selection

  1. Speciation
  1. Adaptive Radiation
  1. Evolved Diversity
  1. Phylogeny of Animals and Protists
  1. Phylogeny of major Plant groups
  1. Homology, analogy, convergence, parallelism

5. Classification of Organisms: Taxonomic Systems and their significance

AP Essay Practice: Evolution

UNIT 7ESSAY QUESTION #1: Natural Selection

Describe the modern theory of evolution and discuss how it is supported by

evidence from two of the following three areas:

  1. Population genetics
  1. Molecular biology
  1. Comparative anatomy and embryology

UNIT 7 ESSAY QUESTION #2: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Do the following with reference to the Hardy-Weinberg model.

A. Indicate the conditions under which allelic frequencies (p and q)

remain constant from one generation to the next.

B. Calculate, showing all work, the frequencies of the alleles and the

frequencies of the genotypes in a population of 100,000 rabbits,

of which 25,000 are white and 75,000 are agouti.

(In rabbits the white color is due to a recessive allele, w, and agouti is due to a dominant allele, W.)

C. If the homozygous dominant condition were to become lethal, what

would happen to the allelic and genotypic frequencies in the rabbit

population after two generations?

UNIT 7 ESSAY QUESTION #3: Speciation

Describe the process of speciation. Include in your discussion the factors that may

contribute to the maintenance of genetic isolation.

Key Terms: Evolution

Microevolution-

Macroevolution-

Phylogeny-

Evidence for Evolution

Paleontology-

Biogeography -

Embryology-

Comparative Anatomy-

*homologous vs. analogous structures

Molecular Biology-

Natural Selection

Adaptations

Fitness-

Stabilizing Selection-

Directional Selection-

Disruptive Selection-

Sexual Selection-

Artificial Selection-

Sources of Variation

Mutations-

Diploidy-

Outbreeding-

Balanced Polymorphism-

•heterozygote advantage-

•hybrid vigor-

•minority advantage-

Neutral Variation

Causes of Changes in Allele Frequencies

Gene Flow-

Genetic Drift-

•founder effect-

•bottleneck-

Speciation

Allopatric speciation-

Sympatric Speciation-

•balanced polymorphism-

•polyploidy-

•hybridization-

Adaptive radiation-

Maintaining Reproductive Isolation

Prezygotic barriers:

Habitat isolation-

Temporal isolation-

Behavioral isolation-

Mechanical isolation-

Gametic isolation-

Postzygotic barriers:

Hybrid inviability-

Hybrid sterility-

Hybrid breakdown-

Patterns of Evolution

Divergent Evolution-

Convergent Evolution-

Parallel Evolution-

Coevolution-

AP BiologyNAME:

Evolution Practice ExamDATE:

  1. Which of the following generates the formation of adaptation?
  2. Genetic Drift
  3. Mutation
  4. Gene Flow
  5. Sexual Reproduction
  6. Natural Selection
  7. The appearance of a new mutation is
  8. A random event
  9. The result of natural selection
  10. The result of artificial selection
  11. The result of sexual reproduction
  12. Usually a beneficial event
  13. Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?
  14. Dark-colored peppered moths in London at the beginning of the industrial revolution
  15. The mane (fur of the neck) of a lion
  16. Insecticide resistance in insects
  17. Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos Islands
  18. The ability of certain insects to avoid harm when consuming toxic plants
  19. A population consists of 9% white sheep and 91% black sheep. What is the frequency of the black-wool allele if the black-wool allele is dominant and the white-wool allele is recessive?
  20. 0.09
  21. 0.30
  22. 0.42
  23. 0.49
  24. 0.70
  25. Capaea nemoralis is a species of land snail. Individual snails have shells with zero to five dark bands on a yellow, pink, or dark brown background. The various shell patterns could have occurred by all of the following EXCEPT:
  26. Convergent evolution
  27. Natural selection
  28. A balanced polymorphism
  29. Chance
  30. Mutations
  1. All of the following are homologous structures EXCEPT:
  2. A bat wing
  3. A bird wing
  4. A human arm
  5. A butterfly wing
  6. A penguin flipper
  1. Which of the following is an evolutionary process NOT based on random factors?
  2. Genetic drift
  3. Natural selection
  4. Mutation
  5. Gene flow
  6. Bottlenecks
  1. An adaptation
  2. Can be shaped by genetic drift
  3. Cannot be altered
  4. Evolves because it specifically improves an individual’s mating success
  5. Affects the fitness of an organism
  6. Can be deleterious to an organism
  7. Why can Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium only occur in large populations?
  8. Large populations are likely to have more variable environments
  9. More individuals means less chance for natural selection to occur
  10. Genetic drift is a much stronger force in small versus large populations
  11. Large populations make random mating virtually impossible
  12. Large populations tend to last longer than small ones
  13. Frequency-dependent selection is
  14. Particularly important during speciation
  15. One way in which multiple alleles are preserved in a population
  16. Possible only when there are two alleles
  17. Most common in bacteria
  18. The same as heterozygote advantage
  19. Why is it assumed that oxygen was not present in the original atmosphere?
  20. The presence of O2 would have resulted in the evolution of too many species too fast
  21. Oxygen would have slowed down the rate of evolution
  22. The ozone layer, which is formed by oxygen, has not been around very long
  23. Inorganic molecules could not have formed in the presence of oxygen
  24. All oxygen was held in the volcanoes
  25. A process that tends to add new alleles to the gene pool is
  26. Gene flow
  27. Genetic drift
  28. Meiosis
  29. Segregation
  30. Mutation
  1. An example of coevolution is (are)
  2. Flower pollination and food collection by bees
  3. The scutes of a snake and the splint bones of a horse
  4. Similarities in the chemical composition of enzymes in pigs and cattle
  5. Gill slits in sharks and those in turtle embryos
  6. The center of migration and speciation
  1. In the algebraic expression p2 + 2pg + q2 = 1.00, the q2 refers to
  2. The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals
  3. The frequency of heterozygous individuals
  4. The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
  5. The gene frequency in a given population
  6. A mathematical constant that stands for the original proportion of genotypes in a given population
  7. In ducks and chickens, fertilized eggs of intermediate weight usually hatch with a greater frequency than those of lower or higher weights. This illustrates a type of selection called
  8. Disruptive
  9. Stabilizing
  10. Directional
  11. Artificial
  12. Natural
  13. Allele E, found in a large random mating poulation, occurs at a frequency of 68 per 100 individuals. Approximately what proportion of individuals will be heterozygous for the allele?
  14. 55 percent
  15. 32 percent
  16. 68 percent
  17. 27 percent
  18. 44 percent
  19. Which of the following is an acceptable definition of evolution?
  20. A change in phenotypic makeup of a population
  21. A change in the genetic makeup of a population
  22. A change in environmental conditions
  23. A change in the genetic makeup of an individual
  24. A change in the species composition of a community
  1. Natural selection is based on all of the following EXCEPT:
  2. Variation exists within populations
  3. The fittest individuals leave more offspring
  4. There is differential reproductive success within populations
  5. Populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support
  6. Individuals must adapt to their environment
  1. Which of the following structures are both analogous and homologous?
  2. The legs of a cockroach and the legs of a cat
  3. The eyes of squids and octopuses and the eyes of a horse
  4. The forelegs of a dog and the wings of a bat
  5. The wings of a bat and the wings of a bird
  6. The wings of a honeybee and the wings of a bird
  7. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for maintenance of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
  8. An increasing mutation rate
  9. Random mating
  10. Large population size
  11. No migration
  12. No natural selection
  13. In a large, sexually reproducing population, the frequency of an allele changes from %60 to %20. From this change, one can most logically assume
  14. That the allele is linked to a detrimental allele
  15. That the allele mutates readily
  16. That random processes have changed allelic frequencies
  17. That there is no sexual selection
  18. That the allele reduces fitness
  19. The Darwinian fitness of an individual is measured by
  20. The number of its offspring that survive to reproduce
  21. The number of supergenes in the genotype
  22. The number of mates it attracts
  23. Its physical strength
  24. How long it lives

Choose among the following options to answer the following questions. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all

  1. random selection
  2. directional selection
  3. stabilizing selection
  4. diversifying selection
  5. sexual selection
  1. An African butterfly species exists in two strikingly different color patterns, each of which closely resembles other species that are distasteful to birds (D)
  2. Fossil evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geological time (B)
  3. The average birth weight for humans is about 7 pounds (C)
  4. Pathogenic bacteria found in hospitals are antibiotic resistant (B)
  1. Recessive alleles in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
  2. Are not significant
  3. Remain stable indefinitely
  4. Are constantly selected against
  5. Are on a steady increase
  6. Are on a steady decrease
  1. Which of the following statements is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium interpretation of speciation?
  2. Evolution proceeds at a slow, steady pace
  3. Long periods of minor change are interrupted by short bursts of significant change
  4. Rapid speciation is caused by population explosions
  5. There is an equilibrium between living and extinct species
  6. Large populations evolve more quickly than small ones

Refer to the following options to match with the following examples of isolation. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not al all

  1. Habitat isolation
  2. Temporal isolation
  3. Hybrid sterility
  4. Behavioral isolation
  5. Gametic isolation
  1. The differences in songs of western and eastern meadowlarks that enable them to recognize individuals of their own kind (D)
  2. A dog and a wolf have mated to produce infertile individuals called dingos (C)
  3. Two species of garter snake live in the same area, but one is aquatic and the other is terrestrial (A)
  4. A characteristic of allopatric speciation is
  5. The appearance of new species in the midst of old ones
  6. Asexually reproducing populations
  7. Geographic isolation
  8. Artificial selection
  9. Large populations
  10. The most important factor in preserving horses and donkeys as distinct biological species is
  11. Allopolyploidy
  12. A geographic barrier
  13. A prezygotic barrier
  14. A postzygotic factor
  15. An allopatric factor
  16. The origin of a new plant species by hybridization and nondisjunction is an example of
  17. Allopatric speciation
  18. Sympatric speciation
  19. Autopolyploidy
  20. Introgression
  21. A peak shift
  1. In their laboratory simulation of early Earth, Miller and Urey observed the abiotic synthesis of
  2. Amino acids
  3. Coacervates
  4. DNA
  5. Liposomes
  6. Microspheres
  7. Darwin differed from Lamarck in his proposal that
  8. Species are not fixed
  9. Evolution leads to adaptation
  10. Life on Earth has had a long evolutionary history
  11. Life on Earth did not evolve abruptly but rather through a gradual process of minute changes
  12. Inherent characteristics in the population are more important in evolution than acquired characteristics during an individuals lifetime
  13. A population of snail darters is drastically reduced by the introduction of a large predator fish into an isolated stream. The predators eat almost all darters less then 5cm long. This is an example of
  14. The bottleneck effect
  15. Diversifying selection
  16. Natural selection
  17. Gene flow
  18. Allopatric speciation
  19. Migration occurs at a constant rate between two populations of field mice. In one population, %65 of the population are white; in another, only %15 are white. What would you expect to happen to the allelic frequencies of these populations over time?
  20. The frequencies should change gradually over time until the two populations reach a new equilibrium that is the same for both populations
  21. The white allele will go to fixation
  22. White mice will be selected against
  23. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will be reached
  24. White mice will grow to become large snake eating monsters
  25. In a population with two alleles, A and a, the frequency of A is 0.2. Organisms that are homozygous for A die before reaching maturity. In five generations, what would be the frequency of individuals with aa genotypes?
  26. Less than 0.04
  27. 0.04
  28. 0.32
  29. 0.64
  30. greater than 0.64