Study Guide for Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis, and Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
1.Name the 3 stages of the cell cycle. What happens in each stage?
Interphase - growth of cell and duplication of organelles (G1), duplication of DNA (S), and growth of cell (G2)
Mitosis - even division of nuclear material (chromosomes containing DNA)
Cytokinesis- even division of the cytoplasm
2.Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle. Name the sub-phases of the cell cycle. What happens during these sub-phases? Refer to your cell cycle plate.
Interphase - growth of cell and duplication of organelles (G1),
duplication of DNA (S),
and growth of cell (G2)
3.Name the three reasons why we need mitosis and cell division.
Organism needs to grow
Organism needs to repair injured tissue
Organism needs to replace old, worn out cells
4.Mitosis and cell division have a full complement of chromosomes. What do we call a cell with these number of chromosomes? What cells go through mitosis?
All body or somatic cells go through mitosis .
A cell with a full complement of chromosomes are diploid, or 2n, meaning 2 copies of each chromosome
5.What is the end product of mitosis? How many cells are produced from the parent cell? Are they genetically identical, or are they genetically different? Do they have the same number of chromosomes or a different number?
End product of mitosis = 1 parent cell divides to two daughter cells after copying DNA and duplicating organelles.
2 cells are produced, that are genetically identical, with the same number of chromosomes.
6.What is the end product of meiosis? How many cells are produced from the parent cell? Are they genetically identical, or are they genetically different? Do they have the same number of chromosomes or a different number?
pg.198 #18
End product of meiosis = 4 daughter cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. These sex cells are either sperm or egg cells, with half the chromosome number as the parent cell. Sex cells are haploid.
Genetically different due to crossing over in prophase I of meiosis, and independent assortment of the chromosomes as the tetrads lined up and divided in metaphase I and anaphase I.
7.What does the term diploid mean? Give an example of a diploid cell.
pg 198 #13 Containing a full complement of chromosomes; two copies of each chromosome = 2n
8.What does the term haploid mean? Give two examples of a haploid cell. pg. 200 #6
Containing half the number of chromosomes; one copy of each chromosome = n
9. What does the term somatic cell mean? How does it reproduce? What is another
term for somatic? A cell other than a sex cell. Reproduces through mitosis. Another term is body cell.
10. What does the term sex cells mean? How do they reproduce? Gametes or sperm cells in males and egg cells in females. Reproduce through meiosis.
11. Name the four stages of mitosis. What are the chromosomes doing? Draw it. You will have to be able to pick out the stages of mitosis from a drawing or a description of what is happening. Use your guided notes, textbook page 177.
P - chromosomes already duplicated, start to condense into rotini form, sister chromatids in "X" form
M- sister chromatids in X form move to middle of cell
A- sister chromatids pulled apart and begin to move to opposite ends of cell
T- sister chromatids at end of poles of cell, nuclear membrane forms, begin to uncoil to spaghetti form
12. What are the two major differences between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction? Asexual involves 1 parent giving rise to offspring while sexual involves 2 parents. Asexually-reproduced offspring are identical genetically to parent while sexually-reproduced offspring are different genetically.
13. 4 ways in which organisms asexually reproduce are? List them, describe, and give an example of each way.
Binary fission- one-celled organism divides into 2 ; bacteria
Budding- cells of parent form a bud where offspring grow and develop before dropping off; yeast and hydra
Regeneration- parts of a multicellular organism can fully develop into a whole organism; starfish, planaria (flatworm)
Vegetative Propagation- parts of a plant can fully develop into a whole plant; strawberries use runner, potatoes sprout from eyes.
14. If a multi-cellular organism needs to grow or repair an injury what process does it use? Mitosis
15. What is fertilization? What are the chromosomes doing at that point? Fertilization is the union of an egg and sperm. Haploid chromosomes of each sex cell combine to form a diploid cell = zygote.