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Study Guide : Life Science
Bacteria's Role in the Worldsingle celled, prokaryote
anti/biotic :medicine used to treat many bacterial diseases
bio/remedi/ation : use of organisms to treat hazardous waste
genetic engineering : changes in genes of bacteria or other living things
lactose : sugar found in milk
nitrogen fixation : nitrogen in the air to form for plants
patho/genic bacteria :harmful bacteria
*** breaking down of dead plant and animal matter ***decomposer
*** bacteria that harms grain - fruit - vegetables ***pathogenic
Virusesnonliving particle of genetic material
antiviral : ”against viruses”, stop reproduction
antibiotics : won’t work against virus
host : organism that a parasite lives in or is supported by
lytic cycle : virus invades a cell and copies itself (active)
lysogenic cycle : virus is carried and reproduced by the cell. (inactive)
oxygen : gas that viruses don’t need
protein coat : shell or covering that protects the virus
shape : group by shape: spacecraft, sphere, cylinder, crystal
virus : nonliving particle of genetic material
vaccinations : protection from a virus
Protistssingle celled eukaryotic organism
*** cells that make up a protist ***eukaryotic, single
*** function of chloroplasts ***make energy from sunlight
*** how do protists make their own food ***photosynthesis
*** protists reproduction / single celled ***asexual
*** protists asexually divide by what process ***binary fission
decomposer : organism that breaks down dead matter
host : provider of location or food for another organism
heterotroph : (“other”) organism that gets food from another organism
parasite : organism that feeds or lives off another
producer : organism that makes its own food
Kinds of Protists
*** how are protists grouped ***based on shared traits such as how they move or eat (flagella, cilia, pseudopod)
*** algae color pigment ***green (chlorophyll)
*** what provides the world's oxygen ***phytoplankton
*** what are mobile protists called ***protozoans
algae : plant-like protist
cilia : tiny-hairlike structures for movement
diatoms : 2-part glass-like shells
formaminiferans : “amoeba-like” in shells
flagella : whip-like strands to help move
macronucleus :larger nucleus- cell duties (micronucleus –smaller-reproduction)
Fungi
*** beneficial relationship / plant / fungus ***mycorrhiza
*** lichen make up ***algae and fungi
*** fungus that is shapeless and fuzzy *** mold
*** largest group of fungi ***sac mushrooms
budding : asexual reproduction (yeast)
club fungi : shaped like club= mushrooms
fungus :multicellular heterotroph that can not move
hypha : hairlike tubes making up the body of fungus
mycelium : the tangled mass of hyphae that make up the body of the fungus
spore :reproductive structure of fungi
What is a Plant?multicellular autotroph/producer
angiosperms :vascular flowering plant with fruit
fern : vascular, non flowering plant
gymnosperms : “naked seed”, non flowering, no fruit produced.
liverwort: nonvascular plant
*** what stage do plants make spores ***sporophyte
Seed Plants
*** label a seed ***baby plant (cotyledon), food source, seed coat
*** how are gymnosperms and angiosperms alike ***vascular, seed producing plants
*** difference between monocots / dicots ***Monocots=One cotyledon, Dicots=Two cotyledons
Structures of Seed Plants
ovary : female organ that contains the eggs
petal : decorative leaf like part
phloem : tubing of vascular system responsible for distributing food through plant
pistil : female part of flower
sepal : specialized leaf to protect bud and support flower
xylem : vascular tubing in center of stem responsible for bringing up water to rest of plant
*** roots ***part of plant responsible for taking in water
*** prevent water loss in a leaf ***cuticle
*** a soft stem is ***herbaceous
Photosynthesis
chlorophyll :green pigment used for photosynthesis
cellular respiration : process of releasing ATP energy from food
photosynthesis : process of making food from sunlight
stoma : small breathing openings on underside of leaf
transpiration : release of water through stoma of leaves
*** gas that plants release ***Oxygen
*** what do plants use to produce energy fromfood ***Photosynthesis Water + Carbon Dioxide + Sun (-ATP) = Glucose + Oxygen: Respiration
*** gas enters and exits from a leaf ***stomata (pl. stoma)
*** why is photosynthesis important ***makes food for plant
Reproduction of Flowering Plants
dormant : resting state
plantlets : young plants
pollination : (sexual reproduction) moving of pollen from male stamen to female pistil
runners : specialized stem that runs along ground to support new plant =strawberry, spider plant
tubers : specialized stems that reproduce plants =potato
*** fertilization ***union of egg and sperm
*** ovule develops into a ***seed
*** ovary develops into a ***fruit
*** seed needs what to germinate ***water, temperature, air
Plant Response to the Environment
deciduous plants : plants that loose their leaves
evergreen plants : plants with needle-like leaves, green all year, conifers
gravitropism :growth toward the gravity
long-day plants : (short nights) “summer” plants = daisy, rose, tomato, etc.
phototropism : growth toward the sunlight
short-day plants :(long nights) “winter” plants=poinsettia
tropism : response to stimulus
*** know about shoot direction ***shoots respond to and follow sunlight
*** seasonal changes ***evergreen (keep leaves in winter) and deciduous (loose leaves in winter)
What Is an Animal?multicellular heterotroph that can move
invertebrates : animal with NO backbone
multicellular :many cells
sexually : requiring two parents (male and female) for reproduction
vertebrate : animal WITH backbone
*** what are sperm and egg ***reproductive sex cells of male and female
Animal Behavior
courtship : behavior for attracting a mate
defense behavior : behavior to protect territory or offspring
food : source of energy
innate behavior : built-in behavior, present at birth
learned behavior : behavior that is acquired or copied
territory : space or area occupied by one or group of animals
*** daily cycles ***circadian rhythms
*** estivation ***rest or reduced activity in summer (hot) season
Simple Invertebratesanimals with NO backbone
coelom : body cavity that surrounds the gut
ganglion : cluster of nerve mass that acts like simple brain
gut : pouch for digesting food
*** sponges use what to get their food ***pores and collar cells
*** flatworm has what type of body ***flat with bilateral symmetry
*** roundworm ***body is round, bilateral, and pointed at the ends, generally a parasite
*** cnidarians all have what ***stinging cells
Anthropods“jointed feet”, with exoskeleton
*** three main body parts ***head, thorax, abdomen
*** largest group of anthropods ***insects
*** what do crustaceans use for eating ***claws
antenna : a sensory organ or “feeler”
compound eye : many identical light sensors, can form an image
complete metamorphosis :egg-larva-adult; complete change in body form
incomplete metamorphosis : egg-nymph-adult; not much change in body form
simple eye : detects light and dark
The First VertebratesFish – live entire life in water (gills, scales)
ectotherm : (cold-blooded); “outside heat” – surroundings provide heat/cold
endotherm : (warm-blooded); “inside heat” – own body provides heat/cold
gill : respiratory organ that gets oxygen from water (liquid)
lateral line : a faint line visible on both sides of a fish’s body and marks the location of the sense organs that detect vibration in the water.
swim bladder : gas-filled sac that is used to control buoyancy (floating)
Amphibians “double-life”, animal begins life with gills in water and matures to lungs on land
lung : respiratory organ that extracts oxygen from the air
metamorphosis : Rapid change in shape from immature to mature form – (Complete:Larval-Adult) or (Incomplete: Nymph-Adult)
tadpole : aquatic, fish-shaped larva of a frog or toad
vocal sac : thin-walled sac of skin that surrounds frog’s vocal cords
Characteristics of Birdsfeathers!
altricial : birds that are bald and helpless after hatching
brooding : to sit on and cover eggs to keep them warm until they hatch
contour feathers : external feathers that help determine a bird’s shape
down feathers : soft feathers that cover the body of young birds and insulate adult birds
lift : one of the things a bird needs to fly (upward against gravity)
molting : process of shedding feathers which are replacedwith new feathers
precocial : birds that are active shortly after hatching
preening : the act of grooming and maintaining feathers
Kinds of Birdsways that birds are grouped
bird of prey : ; hunts and eats other vertebrates; sharp claws and beak good eyesight
flightless bird : no large Keel for flight muscles; runs fast or swims
perching bird : special adaptations for resting on branches
songbird : belongs to the largest of the 28 different order of birds
water bird : webbed feet or long legs
Characteristics of Mammalshave hair or fur, diaphragm for breathing, and feed young on milk
*** gland that provides milk ***mammary gland
Placental Mammalanimal with a placenta (organ that provides food and removes waste for embryo; “lifeline”)
cetaceans : water-dwelling = porpoise
carnivores : meat-eater = walrus
flying mammals : flying = bat
hoofed mammals : hoofed-feet = cattle
insectivores : insect-eater = mole
primates : fingers and toes, forward eyes = spider monkey
related to dugongs : water mammal = manatee
rodents : cutting, gnawing teeth = squirrel
related to hares and pikas : rodent-like (gnaws and grinds) = rabbit
"toothless mammals " : very tiny teeth if any = armadillo, anteater, sloth
truck-nosed mammals :long noses/trunks = African elephant
*** placenta ***organ that provides food and carries away waste from embryo (“lifeline”)
*** uterus ***embryo of organism develops in this organ
* gestation period *** length of time embryo spends developing inside its mother
Monotremes and Marsupialsmammals hatched from eggs or in a very immature level of development
marsupials : mammal gives birth to live young which then develop in mother’s pouch = opossum, koala, wallaby
monotreme :mammal lays eggs in thick, leathery shells = platypus, echidna
Interesting notes:
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