DNA, RNA, Replication, & Protein Synthesis Review

  1. Draw a DNA molecule in detail. Be sure to draw at least 3 pairs of bases and label a sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base, and the 3' to 5' and 5' to 3' strands:
  1. List 3 ways RNA differs from DNA:

a)

b)

c)

  1. For each of the 3 types of bonds below, identify where each is used/found:

a) Peptide Bond -

b) Covalent Bond -

c) Hydrogen Bond -

  1. Replicate this DNA strand: A T G T A T G C C A T G C A G A G C
  1. For each enzyme below, write what its used for in DNA replication:

a) Helicase -

b) DNA Polymerase -

c) DNA Ligase -

  1. Explain why the lagging strand makes replication difficult.
  2. What does the term “semi-conservative” mean?
  1. What does Chargaff’s rule state?
  1. Complete the chart below about the types of RNA and their function:

RNA Type / Function
Provides the code or instructions for a protein
Reads the mRNA strand
tRNA
  1. What is the end product of transcription?
  2. What does RNA polymerase do during transcription?
  3. What is the goal of translation?
  4. Transcribe the following DNA strand: G A C T A C G C A T T T A G C A T T C G C
  1. Circle the "start" codon in your mRNA in #13; draw a square around the "stop" codon.
  2. Translate the mRNA strand you created in #13:
  3. Transcribe the following DNA strand: C T G A C G T A C C C C G C T A G C T G C A C T
  1. Circle the "start" codon in your mRNA in #16; draw a square around the "stop" codon.
  2. Translate the mRNA strand you created in #16:
  3. For each of the following sequences, complete either the DNA, mRNA, tRNA anti-codon, or the aminoa acid sequences that are blank:

DNA: ______

mRNA: A U G A C U A G C G G G U A U U A C U U U U A G

tRNA: ______

Amino Acids:______

DNA: T A C ______A T G ______C G T ______

mRNA: ______U G U G A U ______A U C

tRNA: ______C U C ______U U G ______U C G ______

Amino Acids:______

DNA, RNA, Replication, & Protein Synthesis Test Review Outline

1) DNA Structure

  1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
  2. Double Helix
  3. Draw structure in detail (Deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous bases)
  4. 3’ to 5’ & 5’ to 3’
  5. Chargaff’s Rule
  6. Complementary base pairing= A, T and C, G
  7. Nitrogenous Bases
  8. A - T
  9. C - G
  10. Purines – double rings (A & G)
  11. Pyrimidines – single rings (T & C)

2) DNA Replication

  1. Enzymes:
  2. Helicase – Opens DNA molecule
  3. DNA Polymerase – Adds DNA bases; proofreads
  4. DNA Ligase – fills in gaps on lagging strand
  5. Produces 2 identical DNA molecules
  6. Lagging vs Leading Strand
  7. Okazaki Fragments
  8. Why is lagging strand a pain?
  9. Errors in replication
  10. Mutation
  11. May cause cancer

3) Protein Synthesis

  1. RNA
  2. 3 ways different from DNA
  3. Nucleotides are A – U & C – G
  4. Transcription
  5. DNA  mRNA
  6. RNA Polymerase opens DNA
  7. RNA Polymerase adds RNA nucleotides to DNA template
  8. mRNA molecule forms; DNA double helix goes back together
  9. Translation
  10. mRNA  Protein
  11. mRNA, rRNA, & tRNA (Know what they do in the process)
  12. rRNA attaches to mRNA
  13. rRNA reads mRNA and a tRNA brings anticodon and amino acid to mRNA
  14. Peptide bond forms between amino acids; tRNA leaves
  15. Amino acids link together to form a protein