Name______#______

Study Guide and Review Sheet on DNA and Genetics

  1. History of DNA
  2. The scientists involved in the discovery of DNA found

Binder- Bookpages 128-129

Use your class notes to fill out the chart below:

Scientist(s) / Contribution/ discovery
Avery
Discovered that, in a DNA molecule, the amounts of adenine and thymine are always equal and the amount of cytosine and guanine are always equal.
Rosalind Franklin
Watson and Crick
  1. The Structure and Function of DNA
  2. The overall shape.
  3. What each part is made of.
  4. How DNA makes a copy (replication)
  5. How DNA makes a protein

Binder pages Book pages 128-133

  1. How does DNA make a copy?

You should be able to describe, in your own words, how DNA makes a copy of itself. Try it now. You should use the word nucleotide correctly in your answer anddraw a picture with labels.

  1. Making a Protein (Protein Synthesis)

Be sure to understand the role of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, amino acids, proteins, codon, and the ribosome.

Binder pages Book pages136- 137

Put these steps into the correct order by placing a number on the line describing each step:

___tRNA brings an amino acid to the ribosome

___mRNA copies a gene and brings it to the ribosome

___amino acids join together to form a protein

___a gene “unzips” inside the nucleus

___the ribosome “reads” the mRNA codon

Building Blocks of a Protein-Given a DNA codon, be able to use the mRNA chart on the last page of this packetto list the correct amino acid

DNA Codon / mRNA Codon (a U for the T) / Amino Acid
GCA
CTC
  1. Vocabulary-You should know the following vocabulary words/terms:

gene= a short section of a DNA molecule which is coded for one specific protein which controls one specific physical characteristic.

chromosome= A long section of a DNA molecule which is made up of many genes

DNA= Deoxyribonucleic acid

nucleotide= a building block of DNA or RNA; always contains a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.

The bases in DNA include adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). A with T; G with C

The bases in RNA include adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). A with U; G with C

mRNA= messenger RNA; this is the RNA which copies the gene inside the nucleus and then moves to the ribosome to be “read”

tRNA= transfer RNA; This is the RNA that is coded for specific amino acids and transfers those amino acids to the ribosome for assembly into a protein.

codon= a series of three bases on a section of an mRNA molecule which are the “code” for a specific amino acid

amino acid = a building block of a protein

mutation= a change in the DNA sequence that often results in a change in the protein being made

mutagen= anything that can cause a mutation in the DNA like uv radiation, chemicals in cigarette smoke, X rays and asbestos

7.History of Genetics: Gregor Mendel

A. What type of plant did he use? ______

B. Why did he use that plant?______
______

8. Meiosis- Be able to describe the kind of cells produced in meiosis and how those cells compare to cells formed in mitosis.

9. Punnett Squares: Be able to make and analyze a Punnett Square

Try this question.

Leopards may have large spots (L) or small spots (l). Two large spotted leopards had a small spotted son.

a. Which are dominant, large or small spots?

b. What is the genotype of the son?

c. Make the Punnett square

10.Parts of the Flower- Read the definitions then label the diagram below.

Definitions
Stamen – the male reproductive organs of a plant
anther - the anther is the tip of a flower's stamen - it contains the pollen.
filament - the filament is the part of the flower that holds the anther (and part of the stamen, the male reproductive organs of the plant).
stem - the stem supports the plant.
petal - a petal is one of the leafy structures that comprise a flower. Petals are often brightly-colored and have many different shapes. / Pistil – the female reproductive organ of a plant
stigma - the stigma is uppermost part of the pistil, the female reproductive tissue of a flower. The stigma receives the male pollen grains during pollination, when the pollen lands on the stigma.
style - the style is part of the pistil, the female reproductive tissue of a flower. The style is a long tube on top of the ovary, and below the stigma.
ovary - the ovary is a female reproductive organ in plants that produces eggs. It is at the base of the pistil.
Fertilization – joining of sperm and egg
Fruit – the enlarged ovary of a plant, containing seeds

11. Vocabulary – You must know the meaning of the following words.

  1. Dominant (Stronger)
  2. Recessive(Weaker)
  3. Genotype (2 letters:BB, Bb, or bb)
  4. Phenotype(Physical appearance)
  5. Homozygous(genes are the same BB or bb)
  6. Heterozygous (genes are different Bb)
  7. Allele
  8. Heredity
  9. Genetics
  10. Sex Chromosomes
  11. Sex Cells