PerformanceExpectation / ConstructanexplanationbasedonevidenceforhowthestructureofDNAdeterminesthestructureofproteinswhichcarryouttheessentialfunctionsoflifethroughsystemsofspecializedcells.
ClarificationStatement / EmphasisisontheconceptualunderstandingthatDNAsequencesdeterminetheaminoacidsequenceandthusproteinstructure.Studentscanproducescientificwriting,orpresentations,and/orphysicalmodelsthatcommunicateconstructedexplanations.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigning solutions:Constructingexplanations(science)anddesigningsolutions(engineering)in9–12buildsonK–8experiencesandprogressestoexplanationsanddesignsthataresupportedbymultipleandindependentstudent-generatedsourcesofevidence
consistentwithscientificideas,principles,andtheories.
•Constructandreviseanexplanationbasedonvalidandreliableevidenceobtainedfromavarietyofsources(includingstudents’owninvestigations,models,theories,simulations,peerreview)andtheassumptionthattheoriesandlawsthatdescribethenaturalworldoperatetodayastheydidinthepastandwillcontinuetodosointhefuture.
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / STRUCTUREANDFUNCTION
Systemsofspecializedcellswithinorganismshelpthemperformtheessentialfunctionsoflife.(HS.LS1A.a)
AllcellscontaingeneticinformationintheformofDNAmolecules.GenesareregionsintheDNAthatcontaintheinstructionsthatcodefortheformationofproteinswhichcarryouttheessentialfunctionsoflife.(HS.LS1A.c) / STRUCTUREANDFUNCTION
Investigatingordesigningnewsystemsorstructuresrequiresadetailedexaminationoftheproperties
ofdifferentmaterials,thestructuresofdifferentcomponents,andconnectionsofcomponentstorevealitsfunctionand/orsolveaproblem.
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FROMMOLECULESTOORGANISMS:STRUCTURESAND PROCESSESPerformanceExpectation / Developanduseamodeltoillustratethehierarchicalorganizationofinteractingsystemsthatprovidespecificfunctionswithinmulticellularorganisms.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonfunctionsattheorganismsystemlevelsuchasnutrientuptake,waterdelivery,ororganismmovementinresponsetoneuralstimuli.Anexampleofaninteractingsystemcouldbeanarterydependingontheproperfunctionofelastictissueandsmoothmuscletoregulateanddelivertheproperamountofbloodwithinthecirculatorysystem.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels:Modelingin9-12buildsonK-8experiencesandprogressestousingsynthesizinganddevelopingmodelstopredictandshowrelationshipsamongvariablesbetweensystemsandtheircomponentsinthenaturalanddesignedworld(s).
•Develop,revise,and/oruseamodelbasedonevidencetoillustrateand/orpredicttherelationshipsbetweensystemsorbetweencomponentsofasystem.
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / STRUCTUREANDFUNCTION
Multicellularorganismshaveahierarchicalstructuralorganization,inwhichanyonesystemismadeupofnumerouspartsandisitselfacomponentofthenextlevel.(HS.LS1A.b) / SYSTEMSANDSYSTEMMODELS
Models(e.g.,physical,mathematical,computermodels)canbeusedtosimulatesystemsandinteractions—includingenergy,matter,andinformationflows—withinandbetweensystemsatdifferentscales.
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FROMMOLECULESTOORGANISMS:STRUCTURESAND PROCESSESPerformanceExpectation / Planandconductaninvestigationtoprovideevidencethatfeedbackmechanismsmaintainhomeostasisinlivingorganisms.
ClarificationStatement / Examplesofinvestigationscouldincludeheartrateresponsestoexercise,stomateresponsestomoistureandtemperature,rootdevelopmentinresponsetowaterlevels,orcellresponsetohypertonicandhypotonicenvironments.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations:Planningandcarryingoutinvestigationstoanswerquestionsortestsolutionstoproblemsin9-12buildsonK-8experiencesandprogressestoincludeinvestigationsthatprovideevidenceforandtestconceptual,mathematical,physical,andempiricalmodels.
•Planandconductaninvestigationindividuallyandcollaborativelytoproducedatatoserveasthebasisforevidence,andinthedesign:decideontypes,howmuch,andaccuracyofdataneededtoproducereliablemeasurementsandconsiderlimitationsontheprecisionofthedata(e.g.,numberoftrials,cost,risk,time),andrefinethedesignaccordingly.
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / STRUCTUREANDFUNCTION
Feedbackmechanismsmaintainalivingsystem’sinternalconditionswithincertainlimitsandmediatebehaviors,allowingtheorganismtoremainaliveandfunctionalevenasexternalconditionschangewithinsomerange.Feedbackmechanismscanpromote(throughpositivefeedback)orinhibit(throughnegativefeedback)activitieswithinanorganismtomaintainhomeostasis.(HS.LS1A.d) / STABILITYANDCHANGE
Feedback(negativeorpositive)canstabilizeordestabilizeasystem.
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FROMMOLECULESTOORGANISMS:STRUCTURESAND PROCESSESPerformanceExpectation / Useamodeltoillustratetheroleofthecellcycleanddifferentiationinproducingandmaintainingcomplexorganisms.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonconceptualunderstandingthatmitosispassesongeneticallyidenticalmaterialsviareplication,notonthedetailsofeachphaseinmitosis.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels:Modelingin9-12buildsonK-8experiencesandprogressestousingsynthesizinganddevelopingmodelstopredictandshowrelationshipsamongvariablesbetweensystemsandtheircomponentsinthenaturalanddesignedworld(s).
•Develop,revise,and/oruseamodelbasedonevidencetoillustrateand/orpredicttherelationshipsbetweensystemsorbetweencomponentsofasystem.
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / GROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTOFORGANISMS
Inmulticellularorganismsthecellcycleisnecessaryforgrowth,maintenanceandrepairofmulticellularorganisms.Disruptionsinthecellcyclesofmitosisand
meiosiscanleadtodiseasessuchascancer.(HS.LS1B.a)Theorganismbeginsasasinglecell(fertilizedegg)
thatdividessuccessivelytoproducemanycells,with
eachparentcellpassingidenticalgeneticmaterial(twovariantsofeachchromosomepair)tobothdaughtercells.(HS.LS1B.b)
Cellulardivisionanddifferentiation(stemcell)produceandmaintainacomplexorganism,composedofsystemsoftissuesandorgansthatworktogethertomeettheneedsofthewholeorganism.(HS.LS1B.c) / SYSTEMSANDSYSTEMMODELS
Models(e.g.,physical,mathematical,computermodels)canbeusedtosimulatesystemsandinteractions—includingenergy,matter,andinformationflows—withinandbetweensystemsatdifferentscales.
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FROMMOLECULESTOORGANISMS:STRUCTURESAND PROCESSESPerformanceExpectation / Useamodeltoillustratehowphotosynthesistransformslightenergyintostoredchemicalenergy.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonillustratinginputsandoutputsofmatter,thetransferandtransformationofenergyinphotosynthesisbyplants,andotherphotosynthesizingorganisms.Examplesofmodelscouldincludediagrams,chemicalequations,conceptualmodels,and/orlaboratoryinvestigations.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels:Modelingin9-12buildsonK-8experiencesandprogressestousingsynthesizinganddevelopingmodelstopredictandshowrelationshipsamongvariablesbetweensystemsandtheircomponentsinthenaturalanddesignedworld
•Develop,revise,and/oruseamodelbasedonevidencetoillustrateand/orpredicttherelationshipsbetweensystemsorbetweencomponentsofasystem.
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / ORGANIZATIONFORMATTERANDENERGYFLOWIN ORGANISMS
Theprocessofphotosynthesisconvertslightenergytostoredchemicalenergybyconvertingcarbondioxidepluswaterintosugarsplusreleasedoxygen.(HS.LS1C.a) / ENERGYANDMATTER
Changesofenergyandmatterinasystemcanbedescribedintermsofenergyandmatterflowsinto,outof,andwithinthatsystem.
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FROMMOLECULESTOORGANISMS:STRUCTURESAND PROCESSESPerformanceExpectation / Constructandreviseanexplanationbasedonevidenceforhowcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygenfromsugar
moleculesmaycombinewithotherelementstoformaminoacidsand/orotherlargecarbon-basedmolecules.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonstudentsconstructingexplanationsforhowsugarmoleculesareformedthroughphotosynthesisandthecomponentsofthereaction(i.e.carbon,hydrogen,oxygen).Thishydrocarbonbackboneisusedtomakeaminoacidsandothercarbon-basedmoleculesthatcanbeassembled(anabolism)intolargermolecules(suchasproteinsorDNA).Examplesofmodelscouldincludediagrams,chemicalequations,orconceptualmodels.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigning solutions:Constructingexplanations(science)anddesigningsolutions(engineering)in9–12buildsonK–8experiencesandprogressestoexplanationsanddesignsthataresupportedbymultipleandindependentstudent-generatedsourcesofevidence
consistentwithscientificideas,principles,andtheories.
•Constructandreviseanexplanationbasedonvalidandreliableevidenceobtainedfromavarietyofsources(includingstudents’owninvestigations,models,theories,simulations,peerreview)andtheassumptionthattheoriesandlawsthatdescribethenaturalworldoperatetodayastheydidinthepastandwillcontinuetodosointhefuture,andthe
assumptionthattheoriesandlawsthatdescribethenaturalworldoperatetodayastheydidinthepastandwillcontinuetodosointhefuture.
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / ORGANIZATIONFORMATTERANDENERGYFLOWIN ORGANISMS
Theprocessofphotosynthesisconvertslightenergytostoredchemicalenergybyconvertingcarbondioxidepluswaterintosugarsplusreleasedoxygen.(HS.LS1C.a)
Thesugarmoleculesthusformedcontaincarbon,hydrogen,andoxygen:theirhydrocarbonbackbonesareusedtomakeaminoacidsandothercarbon-basedmoleculesthatcanbeassembledintolargermolecules(suchasproteinsorDNA)used,forexample,toformnewcells.(HS.LS1C.b) / ENERGYANDMATTER
Changesofenergyandmatterinasystemcanbedescribedintermsofenergyandmatterflowsinto,outof,andwithinthatsystem.
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FROMMOLECULESTOORGANISMS:STRUCTURESAND PROCESSESPerformanceExpectation / Useamodeltoillustratethatcellularrespirationisachemicalprocesswherebythebondsoffoodmoleculesandoxygenmoleculesarebrokenandthebondsinnewcompoundsareformed,resultinginanettransferofenergy.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisontheconceptualunderstandingoftheinputsandoutputsoftheprocessesofaerobicandanaerobiccellularrespiration.Examplesofmodelscouldincludediagrams,chemicalequations,conceptualmodelsand/orlaboratoryinvestigations.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels:Modelingin9-12buildsonK-8experiencesandprogressestousingsynthesizinganddevelopingmodelstopredictandshowrelationshipsamongvariablesbetweensystemsandtheircomponentsinthenaturalanddesignedworld(s).
•Develop,revise,and/oruseamodelbasedonevidencetoillustrateand/orpredicttherelationshipsbetweensystemsorbetweencomponentsofasystem.
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / ORGANIZATIONFORMATTERANDENERGYFLOWIN ORGANISMS
Asmatterandenergyflowthroughdifferentorganizationallevelsoflivingsystems,chemicalelementsarerecombinedindifferentwaystoformdifferentproducts.(HS.LS1C.c)
Asaresultofthesechemicalreactions,energyistransferredfromonesystemofinteractingmoleculestoanother.Cellularrespirationisachemicalprocessinwhichthebondsoffoodmoleculesandoxygenmoleculesarebrokenandnewcompoundsareformedthatcantransportenergytomuscles.Cellular
respirationalsoreleasestheenergyneededtomaintainbodytemperaturedespiteongoingenergytransfertothesurroundingenvironment.(HS.LS1C.d) / ENERGYANDMATTER
Energycannotbecreatedordestroyed—itonlymovesbetweenoneplaceandanotherplace,betweenobjectsand/orfields,orbetweensystems.
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FROMMOLECULESTOORGANISMS:STRUCTURESAND PROCESSESPerformanceExpectation / Obtain,evaluate,andcommunicateinformationabout(1)viralandbacterialreproductionandadaptation,(2)thebody’sprimarydefensesagainstinfection,and(3)howthesefeaturesimpactthedesignofeffectivetreatment.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonthespeedofreproductionwhichproducesmanygenerationsinashorttime,allowingforrapidadaptation,theroleofantibodiesinthebody’simmuneresponsetoinfectionandhowvaccinationprotectsanindividualfrominfectiousdisease.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation:Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformationin9–12buildsonK–8experiencesandprogressestoevaluatingthevalidityandreliabilityoftheclaims,methods,anddesigns.
•Criticallyreadscientificliteratureadaptedforclassroomusetodeterminethecentralideasorconclusionsand/ortoobtainscientificand/ortechnicalinformationtosummarizecomplexevidence,concepts,processes,orinformationbypresentingtheminsimplerbutstillaccurateterms. / PUBLICHEALTH
Virusesareobligateintracellularparasitesthatreplicateusingacell’sproteinexpressionmechanisms.(HS.LS1E.a)
Vaccinesprovideimmunitytoinfectionsbyexposingtheimmunesystemtoantigensbeforeinfectionwhichdecreasestheimmunesystem’sresponsetime.Somevaccinesmayrequiremorethanonedose.(HS.LS1E.b)
Antibioticsareeffectivetreatmentsagainstmostbacterialinfections.Somebacteriamaydevelopresistancetothesetreatments.(HS.LS1E.c)
Microorganismscancausediseasesandcanprovidebeneficialservices.Microorganismsliveinavarietyofenvironmentsasbothparasitesandfree-livingorganisms.(HS.LS1E.d)
Microorganismscanreproducequickly.(HS.LS1E.e) / SCALE,PROPORTION,ANDQUANTITY
Thesignificanceofaphenomenonisdependentonthescale,proportion,andquantityatwhichitoccurs.
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ECOSYSTEMS:INTERACTIONS,ENERGYANDDYNAMICSPerformanceExpectation / Usemathematicaland/orcomputationalrepresentationstosupportexplanationsoffactorsthataffectcarryingcapacity,biodiversityandpopulationsofecosystemsatdifferentscales.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonquantitativeanalysisandcomparisonoftherelationshipsamonginterdependentfactorsincludingboundaries,resources,climateandcompetition.Examplesofmathematicalcomparisonscouldincludegraphs,charts,histograms,orpopulationchangesgatheredfromsimulationsorhistoricaldatasets.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking:Mathematicalandcomputationalthinkingin9-12buildsonK-8experiencesandprogressestousingalgebraicthinkingandanalysis,arangeoflinearandnonlinearfunctions(e.g.trigonometric,exponentialandlogarithmic)andcomputationaltoolsforstatisticalanalysistoanalyze,represent,andmodeldata.Simple
computationalsimulationsarecreatedandusedbasedonmathematicalmodelsofbasicassumptions.
•Usemathematical,computational,and/oralgorithmicrepresentationsofphenomenaordesignsolutionstodescribeand/orsupportclaimsand/orexplanations.
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / INTERDEPENDENTRELATIONSHIPSINECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystemshavecarryingcapacities,whicharelimitstothenumbersoforganismsandpopulationstheycansupport.Theselimitsresultfromsuchfactorsastheavailabilityoflivingandnonlivingresourcesandfromsuchchallengesaspredation,competition,anddisease
thataffectbiodiversity,includinggeneticdiversitywithinapopulationandspeciesdiversitywithinanecosystem.Organismswouldhavethecapacitytoproducepopulationsofgreatsizewereitnotforthefactthatenvironmentsandresourcesarefinite.Thisfundamentaltensionaffectstheabundance(numberofindividuals)ofspeciesinanygivenecosystem.(HS.LS2A.a)
Humanactivitydirectlyandindirectlyaffectbiodiversityandecosystemhealth(e.g.,habitatfragmentation,introductionofnonnativeorinvasivespecies,overharvesting,pollutionandclimatechange).(HS.LS2A.b) / SCALE,PROPORTION,ANDQUANTITY
Thesignificanceofaphenomenonisdependentonthescale,proportion,andquantityatwhichitoccurs.
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ECOSYSTEMS:INTERACTIONS,ENERGYANDDYNAMICSPerformanceExpectation / Usemathematicalrepresentationstosupportclaimsforthecyclingofmatterandflowofenergyamongorganismsinanecosystem.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonusingamathematicalmodelofstoredenergyinbiomasstodescribethetransferofenergyfromonetrophicleveltoanotherandthatmatterandenergyareconservedasmattercyclesandenergyflowsthroughecosystems.Emphasisisonatomsandmoleculessuchascarbon,oxygen,hydrogenandnitrogenbeingconservedastheymovethroughanecosystem.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking:Mathematicalandcomputationalthinkingin9-12buildsonK-8experiencesandprogressestousingalgebraicthinkingandanalysis,arangeoflinearandnonlinearfunctions(e.g.trigonometric,exponentialandlogarithmic)andcomputationaltoolsforstatisticalanalysistoanalyze,represent,andmodeldata.Simple
computationalsimulationsarecreatedandusedbasedonmathematicalmodelsofbasicassumptions.
•Usemathematical,computational,and/oralgorithmicrepresentationsofphenomenaordesignsolutionstodescribeand/orsupportclaimsand/orexplanations.
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / CYCLES OFMATTERANDENERGYTRANSFERINECOSYSTEMS
Energyisinefficientlytransferredfromonetrophicleveltoanotherthataffecttherelativenumberoforganismsthatcanbesupportedateachtrophiclevelandnecessitatesaconstantinputofenergyfromsunlightorinorganiccompoundsfromtheenvironment.(HS.LS2B.b)
Photosynthesis,cellularrespiration,decompositionandcombustionareimportantcomponentsofthecarboncycle,inwhichcarbonisexchangedamongthebiosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,andgeospherethroughchemical,physical,geological,andbiologicalprocesses.(HS.LS2B.c)
Photosynthesis,chemosynthesis,aerobicandanaerobicrespirationandcellularrespiration(includinganaerobicprocesses)providemostoftheenergyforlifeprocesses.Environmentalconditionsrestrictwhichandwhenreactionscanoccur.(HS.LS2B.a)(suggestedextension) / ENERGYANDMATTER:FLOWS,CYCLES,ANDCONSERVATION
Energycannotbecreatedordestroyed—itonlymovesbetweenoneplaceandanotherplace,betweenobjectsand/orfields,orbetweensystems.
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ECOSYSTEMS:INTERACTIONS,ENERGYANDDYNAMICSPerformanceExpectation / Evaluatetheclaims,evidenceandreasoningthatthecomplexinteractionsinecosystemsmaintainrelativelyconsistentnumbersandtypesoforganismsinstableconditions,butchangingconditionsmayresultinanewecosystem.
ClarificationStatement / Examplesofchangesinecosystemconditionscouldincludemodestbiologicalorphysicalchanges,suchasmoderatehuntingoraseasonalfloodandextremechanges,suchasvolcaniceruptionorsealevelrise.Emphasisshouldbeondescribingdriversofecosystemstabilityandchange,notontheorganismalmechanismsofresponsesandinteractions.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence:Engaginginargumentfromevidencein9–12buildsonK–8
experiencesandprogressestousingappropriateandsufficientevidenceandscientificreasoningtodefendandcritiqueclaimsandexplanationsaboutthenaturalanddesignedworld(s).Argumentsmayalsocomefromcurrentscientificorhistoricalepisodesinscience.
•Evaluatetheclaims,evidence,and/orreasoningbehindcurrentlyacceptedexplanationsorsolutionstodeterminethemeritsofarguments.
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / ECOSYSTEMDYNAMICS,FUNCTIONING,ANDRESILIENCE
Thedynamicinteractionswithinanecosystemcankeepitsnumbersandtypesoforganismsrelativelyconstantoverlongperiodsoftimeunderstable
conditions.Ifamodestbiologicalorphysicaldisturbancetoanecosystemoccurs,itmayreturntoitsmoreor
lessoriginalstatus(i.e.,theecosystemisresilient),asopposedtobecomingaverydifferentecosystem.Extremefluctuationsinconditionsorthesizeofanypopulation,however,canchallengethefunctioningofecosystemsintermsofresourcesandhabitatavailabilityandmayresultinnewecosystems.(HS.LS2C.a) / STABILITYANDCHANGE
Muchofsciencedealswithconstructingexplanationsofhowthingschangeandhowtheyremainstable.
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ECOSYSTEMS:INTERACTIONS,ENERGYANDDYNAMICSPerformanceExpectation / Design,evaluate,andrefineasolutionforreducingtheimpactsofhumanactivitiesontheenvironmentandbiodiversity.
ClarificationStatement / Examplesofhumanactivitiescanincludeurbanization,buildingdams,ordisseminationofinvasivespecies.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigning solutions:Constructingexplanations(science)anddesigningsolutions(engineering)in9–12buildsonK–8experiencesandprogressestoexplanationsanddesignsthataresupportedbymultipleandindependentstudent-generatedsourcesofevidence
consistentwithscientificideas,principles,andtheories.
•Design,evaluate,and/orrefineasolutiontoacomplexreal-worldproblem,basedonscientificknowledge,student-generatedsourcesofevidence,prioritizedcriteria,andtradeoffconsiderations.
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / ECOSYSTEMDYNAMICS,FUNCTIONING,ANDRESILIENCE
Ecosystemswithagreaterbiodiversitytendtohaveagreaterresistanceandresiliencetochange.Moreover,anthropogenicchanges(induced
byhumanactivity)intheenvironment—includinghabitatdestruction,pollution,introductionofinvasivespecies,overexploitation,andclimatechange—candisruptanecosystemandthreatenthesurvivalofsomespecies.(HS.LS2C.b)
BIODIVERSITYANDHUMANS
Biodiversityisincreasedbytheformationofnewspecies(speciation)anddecreasedbythelossofspecies(extinction).Humansdependonthelivingworldfortheresourcesandotherbenefitsprovided
bybiodiversity.Humanactivityisalsohavingadverseimpactsonbiodiversitythroughoverpopulation,overexploitation,habitat
destruction,pollution,introductionofinvasivespecies,andclimatechange.Thus,sustainingbiodiversitysothatecosystemfunctioningandproductivityaremaintainedisessentialtosupportingandenhancing lifeonEarth.Sustainingbiodiversityalsoaidshumanitybypreservinglandscapesofrecreationalorinspirationalvalue.(HS.LS4D.a)
DEVELOPINGPOSSIBLESOLUTIONS
Whenevaluatingsolutionsitisimportanttotakeintoaccountarangeofconstraintsincludingcost,safety,reliabilityandaestheticsandtoconsidersocial,culturalandenvironmentalimpacts.(HS.ETS1B.a) / STABILITYANDCHANGE
Muchofsciencedealswithconstructingexplanationsofhowthingschangeandhowtheyremainstable.
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HEREDITY:INHERITANCEANDVARIATIONOFTRAITSPerformanceExpectation / Formulate,refine,andevaluatequestionstoclarifyrelationshipsabouttheroleofDNAandchromosomesincodingtheinstructionsforcharacteristictraitspassedfromparentstooffspring.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisshouldbeontraitsincludingcompletelydominant,codominant,incompletelydominant,andsex-linkedtraits(e.g.,pedigrees,karyotypes,geneticdisorders,Punnettsquares).Examplesdonotneedtoincludedihybridcrosses.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems:Askingquestions(science)anddefiningproblems(engineering)in9–12buildsonK–8experiencesandprogressestoformulating,refining,andevaluatingempiricallytestablequestionsanddesignproblemsusingmodelsandsimulations.
•Askquestionsthatarisefromexaminingmodelsoratheory,toclarifyand/orseekadditionalinformationandrelationships.
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / STRUCTUREANDFUNCTION
AllcellscontaingeneticinformationintheformofDNAmolecules.GenesareregionsintheDNAthatcontaintheinstructionsthatcodefortheformationofproteinswhichcarryouttheessentialfunctionsoflife.(HS.LS1A.c)
INHERITANCEOFTRAITS
EachchromosomeconsistsofasingleverylongDNAmolecule,andeachgeneonthechromosomeisaparticularsegmentofthatDNA.Theinstructionsforformingspecies’characteristicsarecarriedinDNA.Allcellsinanorganismhavethesamegeneticcontent,butthegenesused(expressed)bythecellmayberegulatedindifferentways.NotallDNAcodesforaprotein;somesegmentsofDNAareinvolvedinregulatoryorstructuralfunctions,andsomehavenoas-yetknownfunction.(HS.LS3A.a)
InMendel’smodelofinheritanceanorganism’sphenotypeisdeterminedbythecombinedexpressionoftwoinheritedversionstheyhaveforeachgene.
However,mosttraitsfollowmorecomplexpatternsofinheritancesuchastraitsthatarecodominant,incompletedominant,andpolygenic.(HS.LS3A.b) / CAUSEANDEFFECT
Empiricalevidenceisrequiredtodifferentiatebetweencauseandcorrelationandmakeclaimsaboutspecificcausesandeffects.
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HEREDITY:INHERITANCEANDVARIATIONOFTRAITSPerformanceExpectation / Makeanddefendaclaimbasedonevidencethatinheritablegeneticvariationsmayresultfrom:(1)newgeneticcombinationsthroughmeiosis,(2)viableerrorsoccurringduringreplication,and/or(3)mutationscausedbyenvironmentalfactors.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonusingdatatosupportargumentsforthewayvariationoccurs.Claimsshouldnotincludethephasesofmeiosisorthebiochemicalmechanismsofspecificstepsintheprocess.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence:Engaginginargumentfromevidencein9–12buildsonK–8
experiencesandprogressestousingappropriateandsufficientevidenceandscientificreasoningtodefendandcritiqueclaimsandexplanationsaboutthenaturalanddesignedworld(s).Argumentsmayalsocomefromcurrentscientificorhistoricalepisodesinscience.
•Makeanddefendaclaimbasedonevidenceaboutthenaturalworldortheeffectivenessofadesignsolutionthatreflectsscientificknowledgeandstudent-generatedevidence.
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / VARIATIONOFTRAITS
Insexualreproduction,chromosomescansometimesswapsectionsorcrossoverduringtheprocessofmeiosis(celldivision),therebycreatingnewgeneticcombinationsandthusmoregeneticvariation.AlthoughDNAreplicationistightlyregulatedandremarkablyaccurate,errorsdooccurandresultinmutations,whicharealso
asourceofgeneticvariation.Environmentalfactorscanalsocausemutationsingenes,andviablemutationsareinherited.(HS.LS3B.a)
MutationsmayoccurduetoerrorsduringDNAreplicationand/orenvironmentalfactors.Ingeneral,onlymutationsthatoccuringametes(spermandegg)canbepassed
tooffspring.Geneshavevariations(alleles)thatcodeforspecificvariantsofaprotein(orRNA),andthereforespecifictraitsofanindividual.(HS.LS3B.b)
Environmentalfactorsalsoaffectexpressionoftraits,andhenceaffecttheprobabilityofoccurrencesoftraitsinapopulation.Thusthevariationanddistributionoftraitsobserveddependsonbothgeneticandenvironmentalfactors.(HS.LS3B.c) / CAUSEANDEFFECT
Empiricalevidenceisrequiredtodifferentiatebetweencauseandcorrelationandmakeclaimsaboutspecificcausesandeffects.
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HEREDITY:INHERITANCEANDVARIATIONOFTRAITSPerformanceExpectation / Applyconceptsofstatisticsandprobabilitytoexplainthevariationanddistributionofexpressedtraitsinapopulation.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisondistributionandvariationoftraitsinapopulationandtheuseofmathematics(e.g.,calculationsoffrequenciesinPunnettsquares,graphicalrepresentations)todescribethedistribution.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata:Analyzingdatain9-12buildsonK-8experiencesandprogressestointroducingmoredetailedstatisticalanalysis,the
comparisonofdatasetsforconsistency,andtheuseofmodelstogenerateandanalyzedata.
•Applyconceptsofstatisticsandprobability(e.g.,determiningfunctionfitstodataandcorrelationcoefficientforlinearornonlinearfits)toscientificandengineeringquestionsandproblems,usingdigitaltoolswhenfeasible.
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / VARIATIONOFTRAITS
Insexualreproduction,chromosomescansometimesswapsectionsorcrossoverduringtheprocessofmeiosis(celldivision),therebycreatingnewgeneticcombinationsandthusmoregeneticvariation.AlthoughDNAreplicationistightlyregulatedandremarkablyaccurate,errorsdooccurandresultinmutations,whicharealsoasourceofgeneticvariation.Environmentalfactorscanalsocausemutationsingenes,andviablemutationsareinherited.(HS.LS3B.a)
MutationsmayoccurduetoerrorsduringDNAreplicationand/orcausedbyenvironmentalfactors.Ingeneral,onlymutationsthatoccuringametes(spermandegg)canbepassedtooffspring.Geneshavevariations(alleles)thatcodeforspecificvariantsof
aprotein(orRNA),andthereforespecifictraitsofanindividual.(HS.LS3B.b) / SCALE,PROPORTIONANDQUANTITY
Algebraicthinkingisusedtoexaminescientificdataandpredicttheeffectofachangeinonevariableonanother(e.g.,lineargrowthvs.exponentialgrowth).
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BIOLOGICALEVOLUTION:UNITYANDDIVERSITYPerformanceExpectation / Analyzeandinterpretscientificinformationthatcommonancestryandbiologicalevolutionaresupportedbymultiplelinesofempiricalevidence.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonaconceptualunderstandingoftheroleeachlineofevidence(e.g.,similaritiesinDNAsequences,orderofappearanceofstructureduringembryologicaldevelopment,cladograms,homologousandvestigialstructures,fossilrecords)demonstratesasrelatedtocommonancestryandbiologicalevolution.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata:Analyzingdatain9-12buildsonK-8experiencesandprogressestointroducingmoredetailedstatisticalanalysis,the
comparisonofdatasetsforconsistency,andtheuseofmodelstogenerateandanalyzedata.
•Compareandcontrastvarioustypesofdatasets(e.g.,self-generated,archival)toexamineconsistencyofmeasurementsandobservations.
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / EVIDENCEOFCOMMONANCESTRYANDDIVERSITY
Geneticinformationprovidesevidenceofevolution.DNAsequencesvaryamongspecies,buttherearemanyoverlaps;infact,theongoingbranchingthatproducesmultiplelinesofdescentcanbeinferredbycomparingtheDNAsequencesofdifferentorganisms.Suchinformationisalsoderivablefromthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinaminoacidsequencesandfromobservableanatomicalandembryologicalevidence.(HS.LS4A.a) / PATTERNS
Differentpatternsmaybeobservedateachofthescalesatwhichasystemisstudiedandcanprovideevidenceforcausalityinexplanationsofphenomena.
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BIOLOGICALEVOLUTION:UNITYANDDIVERSITYPerformanceExpectation / Constructanexplanationbasedonevidencethatbiologicaldiversityisinfluencedby(1)thepotentialfora
speciestoincreaseinnumber,(2)theheritablegeneticvariationofindividualsinaspeciesduetomutationandsexualreproduction,(3)competitionforlimitedresources,and(4)theproliferationofthoseorganismsthatarebetterabletosurviveandreproduceintheenvironment.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonusingevidencetoexplaintheinfluenceeachofthefourfactorshasonnumberoforganisms,behaviors,morphology,orphysiologyintermsofabilitytocompeteforlimitedresourcesandsubsequentsurvivalofindividualsandadaptationofspecies.Examplesofevidencecouldincludemathematicalmodelssuchassimpledistributiongraphsorproportionalreasoning.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigning solutions:Constructingexplanations(science)anddesigningsolutions(engineering)in9–12buildsonK–8experiencesandprogressestoexplanationsanddesignsthataresupportedbymultipleandindependentstudent-generatedsourcesofevidence
consistentwithscientificideas,principles,andtheories.
•Constructandreviseanexplanationbasedonvalidandreliableevidenceobtainedfromavarietyofsources(includingstudents’owninvestigations,models,theories,simulations,peerreview)andtheassumptionthattheoriesandlawsthatdescribethenaturalworldoperatetodayastheydidinthepastandwillcontinuetodosointhefuture.
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / NATURALSELECTION
Naturalselectionoccursonlyifthereisboth(1)variationinthegeneticinformationbetweenorganismsinapopulatione.g.mutationsandsexualreproduction
and(2)variationintheexpressionofthatgeneticinformation—thatis,traitvariation—thatleadstodifferencesinperformanceamongindividuals.
Naturalselectionleadstopopulationsthathavemoreindividualswithbehavioral,anatomical,andphysiologicaladaptations.(HS.LS4B.a)
Thetraitsthatpositivelyaffectsurvivalaremorelikelytobereproduced,andthusaremorecommoninthepopulation.(HS.LS4B.c) / CAUSEANDEFFECT
Empiricalevidenceisrequiredtodifferentiatebetweencauseandcorrelationandmakeclaimsaboutspecificcausesandeffects.
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BIOLOGICALEVOLUTION:UNITYANDDIVERSITYPerformanceExpectation / Applyconceptsofstatisticsandprobabilitytosupportexplanationsthatpopulationsoforganismsadaptwhenanadvantageousheritabletraitincreasesinproportiontoorganismslackingthistrait.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonanalyzingshiftsinnumericaldistributionoftraitsandusingtheseshiftsasevidencetosupportexplanationsforadaptations.Explanationscouldincludebasicstatisticalorgraphicalanalysis.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata:Analyzingdatain9-12buildsonK-8experiencesandprogressestointroducingmoredetailedstatisticalanalysis,the
comparisonofdatasetsforconsistency,andtheuseofmodelstogenerateandanalyzedata.
•Applyconceptsofstatisticsandprobability(e.g.,determiningfunctionfitstodataandcorrelationcoefficientforlinearornonlinearfits)toscientificandengineeringquestionsandproblems,usingdigitaltoolswhenfeasible.
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / NATURALSELECTION
Naturalselectionoccursonlyifthereisboth(1)variationinthegeneticinformationbetweenorganismsinapopulation
e.g.mutationsandsexualreproductionand(2)variationintheexpressionofthatgeneticinformation—thatis,traitvariation—thatleadstodifferencesinperformanceamongindividuals.Naturalselectionleadstopopulationsthathavemoreindividualswithbehavioral,anatomical,andphysiologicaladaptations.(HS.LS4B.a)
Thetraitsthatpositivelyaffectsurvivalaremorelikelytobereproduced,andthusaremorecommoninthepopulation.(HS.LS4B.c)
ADAPTATION
Naturalselectionleadstoadaptation,thatis,toapopulationdominatedbyorganismsthatareanatomically,behaviorally,andphysiologicallywellsuitedtosurviveandreproduceinaspecificenvironment.Thatis,thedifferentialsurvivalandreproductionoforganismsinapopulationthathaveanadvantageousheritabletraitleadstoanincreaseintheproportionofindividualsinfuturegenerationsthathavethetraitandtoadecreaseintheproportionofindividualsthatdonot.(HS.LS4C.a)
Adaptationalsomeansthatthedistributionoftraitsinapopulationcanchangewhenconditionschange.(HS.LS4C.b) / PATTERNS
Differentpatternsmaybeobservedateachofthescalesatwhichasystemisstudiedandcanprovideevidenceforcausalityinexplanationsofphenomena.
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BIOLOGICALEVOLUTION:UNITYANDDIVERSITYPerformanceExpectation / Constructanexplanationbasedonevidenceforhownaturalselectionandothermechanismsleadtogeneticchangesinpopulations.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisonusingdatatoprovideevidenceforhowspecificbioticandabioticdifferencesinecosystems(suchasrangesofseasonaltemperature,long-termclimatechange,acidity,light,geographicbarriers,orevolutionofotherorganisms)contributetoachangeingenefrequencyovertime,leadingtoadaptationofpopulations.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigning solutions:Constructingexplanations(science)anddesigningsolutions(engineering)in9–12buildsonK–8experiencesandprogressestoexplanationsanddesignsthataresupportedbymultipleandindependentstudent-generatedsourcesofevidence
consistentwithscientificideas,principles,andtheories.
•Constructandreviseanexplanationbasedonvalidandreliableevidenceobtainedfromavarietyofsources(includingstudents’owninvestigations,models,theories,simulations,peerreview)andtheassumptionthattheoriesandlawsthatdescribethenaturalworldoperatetodayastheydidinthepastandwillcontinuetodosointhefuture.
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / NATURALSELECTION
Naturalselectionoccursonlyifthereisboth(1)variationinthegeneticinformationbetweenorganismsinapopulatione.g.mutationsandsexualreproductionand(2)variationintheexpressionofthatgeneticinformation—thatis,traitvariation—thatleadstodifferencesinperformanceamongindividuals.Naturalselectionleadstopopulationsthathavemoreindividualswithbehavioral,anatomical,andphysiologicaladaptations.(HS.LS4B.a)
Geneticdriftandgeneflowcanleadtogeneticchangesinpopulations,notadaptations.(HS.LS4B.b)
ADAPTATION
Naturalselectionleadstoadaptation,thatis,toapopulationdominatedbyorganismsthatareanatomically,behaviorally,andphysiologicallywellsuitedtosurviveandreproduceinaspecificenvironment.Thatis,thedifferentialsurvivalandreproductionoforganismsinapopulationthathaveanadvantageousheritabletraitleadstoanincreaseintheproportionofindividualsinfuturegenerationsthathavethetraitandtoadecreaseintheproportionofindividualsthatdonot.(HS.LS4C.a)
Changesinthephysicalenvironment,whethernaturallyoccurringorhumaninduced,havethuscontributedtotheexpansionofsome
species,theemergenceofnewdistinctspeciesaspopulationsdivergeunderdifferentconditions,andthedecline–andsometimestheextinction–ofsomespecies.(HS.LS4C.c) / CAUSEANDEFFECT
Empiricalevidenceisrequiredtodifferentiatebetweencauseandcorrelationandmakeclaimsaboutspecificcausesandeffects.
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BIOLOGICALEVOLUTION:UNITYANDDIVERSITYPerformanceExpectation / Evaluateevidencesupportingclaimsthatchangesinenvironmentalconditionscanaffectthedistributionoftraitsinapopulationcausing:(1)increasesinthenumberofindividualsofsomespecies,(2)theemergenceofnewspeciesovertime,and(3)theextinctionofotherspecies.
ClarificationStatement / Emphasisisondeterminingcauseandeffectrelationshipsforhowchangestotheenvironmentsuchasdeforestation,overfishing,applicationoffertilizers,drought,flood,andtherateofchangeoftheenvironmentaffectdistributionordisappearanceoftraitsinspecies.
ScienceEngineeringPractices / DisciplinaryCoreIdeas / CrosscuttingConcepts
1.Askingquestionsanddefiningproblems
2.Developingandusingmodels
3.Planningandcarryingoutinvestigations
4.Analyzingandinterpretingdata
5.Usingmathematicsandcomputationalthinking
6.Constructingexplanationsanddesigningsolutions
7.Engaginginargumentfromevidence:Engaginginargumentfromevidencein9–12buildsonK–8
experiencesandprogressestousingappropriateandsufficientevidenceandscientificreasoningtodefendandcritiqueclaimsandexplanationsaboutthenaturalanddesignedworld(s).Argumentsmayalsocomefromcurrentscientificorhistoricalepisodesinscience.
•Evaluatetheclaims,evidence,and/orreasoningbehindcurrentlyacceptedexplanationsorsolutionstodeterminethemeritsofarguments.
8.Obtaining,evaluating,andcommunicatinginformation / ADAPTATION
Changesinthephysicalenvironment,whethernaturallyoccurringorhumaninduced,havethuscontributedtotheexpansionofsomespecies,theemergenceofnewdistinctspeciesaspopulationsdivergeunderdifferentconditions,andthedecline–andsometimestheextinction–ofsomespecies.(HS.LS4C.c)
Speciesbecomeextinctbecausetheycannolongersurviveandreproduceintheiralteredenvironment.Ifmemberscannotadjusttochangethatistoofastordrastic,theopportunityforthespecies’evolutionislost.(HS.LS4C.d) / CAUSEANDEFFECT
Empiricalevidenceisrequiredtodifferentiatebetweencauseandcorrelationandmakeclaimsaboutspecificcausesandeffects.
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