References

Abbott, Andrew and Alexandra Hrycak. 1990. ‘Measuring Resemblance in Sequence Data: An Optimal Matching Analysis of Musicians' Careers.’ American Journal of Sociology 96: 144-85.

Adorno, Theodor.W., E. Frenkel-Brunswick, D.J. Levinson, and R.N. Sanford. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper.

Ajzen, Icek and Martin Fishbein. 1980. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Akerlof, George A. 1984. An Economic Theorist's Book of Tales: Essays that Entertain the Consequences of New Assumptions in Economic Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Alexander, Jeffrey. 1988. Action and Its Environments. New York: Columbia University Press.

Alexander, Jeffrey and Philip Smith. 1993. ‘The Discourse of American Civil Society: A New Proposal for Cultural Studies.’ Theory and Society 22: 151-207

Alexander, Jeffrey C., Bernard Giesen, Richard Munch, and Neil J. Smelser (eds). 1987. The Macro-Micro Link. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Alwin, Duan F. and Jon A. Krosnick 1991. ‘The Reliability of Survey Attitude Measurement. The Influence of Question and Respondent Attributes’. Sociological Methods and Research 20: 139-81.

Aminzade, Ronald A. 1981. Class, Politics, and Early Industrial Capitalism: A Study of Mid-Nineteenth -Century Toulouse. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Andrews, Molly 1991. Lifetimes of Commitment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Anheier, Helmut K. 2001a. ‘Movement Entrepreneurs: Single Members and the German Nazi Party, 1925-30’ London School of Economics: unpublished manuscript.

Anheier, Helmut K. 2001b. ‘Sociology of Voluntary Associations,’ in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, edited by N. J. Smelser, P. B. Baltes, and D. L. Sills. Oxford: Elsevier.

Anheier, Helmut K., Jurgen Gerhards, and Frank P. Romo. 1995. ‘Forms of Social Capital and Social Structure in Cultural Fields: Examining Bourdieu’s Social Topography.’ American Journal of Sociology 100: 859-903.

Anheier, Helmut K. and Friedhelm Neidhardt. 1998. ‘The NSDAP in Munich: Membership Profile and Development 1925-1930.’ American Behavioral Scientist: 1219-1236.

Anheier, Helmut K., Friedhelm Neidhardt and Wolfgang Vortkamp. 1998. ‘The Ups and Downs of the Nazi Movement: Activity Cycles of the Munich NSDAP, 1925-30.’ American Behavioral Scientist 41: 1262-1281.

Anheier Helmut K. and Thomas Ohlemacher. 1996. ‘Aktivisten, Netzwerke und Bewegungserfolg: Die ‘Einzelmitglieder’ der NSDAP 1925-30.’ Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 48: 677-703.

Ansell, Christopher K. 1997. ‘Symbolic Networks: The Realignment of the French Working Class, 1887-1894.’ American Journal of Sociology 103: 359-90.

Ansell, Christopher. 2001. Schism and Solidarity in Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Arato, Andrew. 2000. Civil Society, Constitution, and Legitimacy. Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield Publ., Inc.

Archer, John E. 2000. Social Unrest and Popular Protest in England, 1780-1840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Arendt, Hannah. 1951. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace.

Ascherson, Neal. 1982. The Polish August: The Self-Limiting Revolution. New York: The Viking Press.

Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.

Babb, Sarah. 1996. ‘‘A True American System of Finance’: Frame Resonance in the U.S. Labor Movement, 1866 to 1886.’ American Sociological Review 61: 1033-52.

Baddeley, Alan 1979. ‘The Limitations of Human Memory: Implications for the Design of Retrospective Surveys,’ in Louis Moss and Harvey Goldstein (eds) the Recall Methods in Social Surveys.London: University of London Institute of Education.

Bakhtin, Mikhail M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination, translated by Carl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Bakhtin, Mikhail M. 1986. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Translated by Vern W. McGee, edited by C. Emerson and M. Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Balser, Deborah B. 1997. ‘The Impact of Environmental Factors on Factionalism and Schism in Social Movement Organizations.’ Social Forces 76: 199-228.

Barber, Benjamin. 1984. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Barkan, Steven E., Steven F. Cohn, and William H. Whitbaker 1995. ‘Beyond Recruitment: Predictors of Differential Participation in a National Antihunger Organization.’ Sociological Forum 10: 113-33.

Barker, Colin, Alan Johnson, and Michael Lavalette (eds). 2001. Leadership in Social Movements. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Barkey, Karen and Ronan van Rossem. 1997. ‘Networks of Contention: Villages and Regional Structure in the Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Empire.’ American Journal of Sociology 102: 1345-82.

Bartolini, Stefano and Peter Mair. 1990. Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bearman, Peter. 1993. Relations into Rhetorics: Local Elite Social Structure in Norfolk, England, 1540-1640. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Bearman, Peter and Kevin D. Everett. 1993. ‘The Structure of Social Protest 1961-1983.’ Social Networks 15: 171-200.

Bearman, Peter and Katherine Stovel. 2000. ‘Becoming a Nazi: A Model for Narrative Networks.’ Poetics 27: 69-90.

Becker, Gary S. 1976. The Economic Approach to Human Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bendix, Reinhard, 1952. ‘Social Stratification and Political Power’. American Political Science Review 6: 357-372.

Bendor, Jonathan and Piotr Swistak. 1997. ‘The Evolutionary Stability of Cooperation.’ the American Political Science Review 91: 290-307.

Benford, Robert. 1997. ‘An Insider’s Critique of the Social Movement Framing Perspective.’ Sociological Inquiry 67: 409-430.

Bernhard, Michael. 1993. The Origins of Democratization in Poland. New York: Columbia University Press.

Bernhard, Michael. 1996. ‘Civil Society after the First Transition: Dilemmas of Post-communist Democratization in Poland and Beyond.’ Communist and Post-Communist Studies 29: 309-330.

Berry, John. 1990. ‘Imposed Etics, Emics, and Drived Etics: The Conceptual and Operational Status in Cross-Cultural Psychology,’ in Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate, edited by T. Headland, K. Pike and M. Harris. Newbury Park: Sage.

Bethel, Nicholas. 1969. Gomulka: His Poland and his Communism. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd.

Blau, Peter M. 1982. ‘Structural Sociology and Network Analysis. An Overview,’ in Social Structure and Network Analysis, edited by P. Marsden and L. Nan. Beverly Hills/London: Sage.

Blau, Peter and Michael Schwartz. 1984. Crosscutting Social Circles. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Blokland, Talja. 2001. ‘Bricks, Mortar, Memories: Neighbourhood and Networks in Collective Acts of Remembering.’ International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25: 268-83.

Bloor, David. 1991. Knowledge and Social Imagery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Boissevain, Jeremy. 1974. Friends of Friends. Oxford: Blackwell.

Bolton, Charles D. 1072. ‘Alienation and Action: A Study of Peace Group Members.’ American Journal of Sociology 78: 537-61.

Bonacich, Phillip. 1972. ‘Factoring and Weighting Approaches to Status Scores and Clique Identification.’ Journal of Mathematical Sociology 2: 13-120.

Bonacich, Phillip. 1987. ‘Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures.’ American Journal of Sociology 92: 1170-1182.

Bonchek, Mark. 1995. ‘Grassroots in Cyberspace: Recruiting Members On the Internet.’ Paper for the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago.

Boorman, Scott A. and Harrison C. White. 1976. ‘Social Structure from Multiple Networks: II. Role Structures.’ American Journal of Sociology 81: 1384-1446.

Booth, A. and N. Babchuk. 1969. ‘Personal Influence Networks and Voluntary Association Affiliation.’ Sociological Inquiry 39: 179-88.

Borgatti, Stephen and Martin G. Everett. 1992. ‘Notions of Position in Social Network Analysis.’ Sociological Methodology 22: 1-35.

Borgatti, Steve, Martin Everett, and Linton Freeman. 1992. UCINET IV Reference Manual. Columbia, SC: Analytic Technologies.

Borgatti, Stephen, Martin G. Everett, and Linton Freeman. 1998. Ucinet V Reference Manual. Columbia, SC: Analytic Technologies.

Botetzagias, Iosif. 2000. ‘Patterns of Networking and Interaction for Greek ENGOs.’ Paper for the ECPR Joint Sessions, Copenhagen, April.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1990. The Logic of Practice. Translated by Richard Nice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Brass, Daniel J. and Marlene Burkhardt. 1993. ‘Potential Power and Power Use.’ Academy of Management Journal 36: 441-70.

Breiger, Ronald L. 1974. ‘The Duality of Persons and Groups.’ Social Forces 53: 181-90.

Breiger, Ronald L. 1988. ‘The Duality of Persons and Groups,’ in Social Structures: A Network Approach, edited by B. Wellman and S.D. Berkowitz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Breiger, Ronald L. 1990. ‘Social Control and Social Networks: A Model From Georg Simmel,’ in Structures of Power and Constraint, edited by C. Calhoun, M. W. Meyer, and R. W. Scott. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Breiger, Ronald. 2000. ‘A Tool Kit for Practice Theory.’ Poetics 27: 91-115.

Breiger, Ronald L., Scott A. Boorman, and Philip Arabie. 1976. ‘An Algorithm for Clustering Relational Data with Application to Social Network Analysis and Comparison with Multidimensional Scaling.’ Journal of Mathematical Psychology 12: 328-83.

Briet, Martien, Bert Klandermans, and Frederike Kroon. 1987. ‘How Women Become Involved in the Women’s Movement of the Netherlands.’ in Mary Fainsod Katzenstein and Carol Mueller (eds) the Women’s Movements of the United States and Western Europe: Consciousness, Political Opportunities, and Public Policy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Brint, Stephen. 1992. ‘Hidden Meanings: Cultural Content and Context in Harrison White’s Structural Sociology.’ Sociological Theory 10: 194-208.

Broadbent, Jeffrey. 1986. ‘The Ties That Bind: Social Fabric and the Mobilization of Environmental Movements in Japan.’ International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters4: 227-53.

Broadbent, Jeffrey. 1989. ‘Environmental Politics in Japan: An Integrated Structural Analysis.’ Sociological Forum 4: 179-202.

Broadbent, Jeffrey. 1998. Environmental Politics in Japan: Networks of Power and Protest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Browder, George. 1972. ‘Problems and Potentials of the Berlin Document Center’. Central European History 5: 362-380.

Brown, Helen M. 1989. ‘Organizing Activity in the Women’s Movement,’ in Organizing for Change, edited by B. Klandermans. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

Brustein, William. 1996. The Logic of Evil. New Haven: Yale University Pres.

Bryman, Alan 2000. Quantity and Quality in Social Research. London: Routledge.

Brzezinski, Zbigniew. 1967. The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict, rev. ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Buechler, Steven. 1997. ‘New Social Movement Theories,’ in Social Movements: Perspectives and Issues, edited by S. Buechler and F. K. Cylke. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co.

Burnham, Walter D. 1972. ‘Political Immunization and Political Confessionalism. The United States and Weimar Germany.’ Journal of Interdiscplinary History 3: 1-30.

Burt, Ronald. 1982. Toward a Structural Theory of Action. New York: Academic Press.

Burt, Ronald. 1987. ‘Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesion vs. Structural Equivalence.’ American Journal ofSociology 92: 1287-335.

Burt, Ronald. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Calhoun, Craig 1989. ‘Protest in Beijing: The Conditions and Importance of the Chinese Student Movement of 1989.’Partisan Review 56: 563-80.

Calhoun, Craig. 1998. ‘Community Without Propinquity Revisited: Communication Technology and the Transformation of the Urban Public Sphere.’ Sociological Inquiry 68: 373-97.

Camic, Charles. 1980. ‘Charisma: Its Varieties, Preconditions, and Consequences.’ Sociological Inquiry 50: 5-23.

Cancian, Francesca M. and Bonnie L. Ross. 1981. ‘Mass Media and the Women's Movement: 1900-1977.’ Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 17: 9-26.

Carley, Kathleen. 1992. ‘Extracting, Representing and Analyzing Mental Models.’ Social Forces 70: 601-636.

Carley, Kathleen. 1993. ‘Coding Choices for Textual Analysis: A Comparison of Content Analysis and Map Analysis.’ Sociological Methodology 23: 75-126.

Carley, Kathleen. 1999. ‘On the Evolution of Social and Organizational Networks,’ in Networks in and Around Organizations. Research in the Sociology of Organizations. Vol.16, edited by S. Andrews and D. Knoke. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.

Carroll, William K. and Robert S. Ratner. 1996. ‘Master Framing and Cross-Movement Networking in Contemporary Social Movements.’ Sociological Quarterly 37: 601-625.

Cattacin, Sandro and Florence Passy.1993. ‘Der Niedergang von Bewegungsorgansiationen. Zur Analyse von organisatorischen Laufbahnen.’ Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 25: 419-438.

Cerulo, Karen. 1997. ‘Reframing Sociological Concepts for a Brave New (Virtual?) World.’ Sociological Inquiry 67: 48-58.

Charlesworth, Andrew. 1979. Social Protest in a Rural Society. Cambridge: Institute of British Geographers.

Chong, Dennis 1991. Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Chwe, Michael S. Y. 1999. ‘Structure and strategy in collective action.’ American Journal of Sociology 105: 128-156.

Coen van Rij, Johann. 1994. To Join or Not to Join. An Event-history Analysis of Trade-Union Membership in the Netherlands. PhD Thesis. University of Amsterdam.

Cohen, Ira J. 1989. Structuration Theory: Anthony Giddens and the Constitution of Social Life. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Coleman, James S., Elihu Katz and Herbert Menzel. 1966. Medical Innovation: A Diffusion Study. New York: Bobbs-Merril.

Coleman, James. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.

Cook, Karen S. and J. M. Whitmeyer. 1992. ‘Two Approaches to Social Structure: Exchange Theory and Network Analysis.’ Annual Review of Sociology 18: 109-27.

Cook, Karen S., Richard Emerson, Mary Gillmore, and Toshio Yamagishi. 1983. ‘The Distribution of Power in Exchange Networks.’ American Journal of Sociology 89: 275-305.

Coser, Lewis. 1974. The Functions of Social Conflict. Glencoe: Free Press.

Curtis, Russell L. and Louis A. Zurcher, Jr. 1973. ‘Stable Resources of Protest Movements: The Multi-organizational Field.’ Social Forces 52: 53-51.

Dahl, Robert A. 1961. Who Governs: Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Dahl, Robert A. 1967. Pluralist Democracy in the United States.Chicago: Rand McNally.

Dale, Peter N. 1986. The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Dalton, Russell J. and Manfred Kuechler (eds). 1990. Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements in Western Democracies. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Dalton, Russell. 1994. The Green Rainbow. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Dalton, Russell. 1996. Citizen Politics in Western Democracies. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

Davies, Norman. 1982. God’s Playground: A History of Poland. New York: Columbia University Press.

De Boek, Paul and Seymour Rosenberg. 1988. ‘Hierarchical classes: model and data analysis.’ Psychometrica 53: 361-381

de Tocqueville, Alexis. 2000. Democracy in America. Trans. and edited by H.C. Mansfield and D. Winthrop. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

della Porta, Donatella. 1988. ‘Recruitment Processes in Clandestine Political Organizations: Italian Left-Wing Terrorism,’ in From Structure to Action, edited by B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi and S. Tarrow. Greenwich: JAI Press.

della Porta, Donatella. 1992 (ed). Social Movements and Violence. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

della Porta, Donatella. 1995. Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

della Porta, Donatella and Mario Diani. 1999. Social Movements. Oxford/Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Denzin, Norman K. 1989. Interpretive Biography. London: Sage.

Deuterlein, Ernst (ed). 1982. Der Aufstieg der NSDAP in Augenzeugenberichten. München: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag.

Diani, Mario. 1992a. ‘The Concept of Social Movement.’ Sociological Review 40: 1-25.

Diani, Mario. 1992b. ‘Analysing Social Movement Networks,’ in Studying Collective Action, edited by M. Diani and R. Eyerman. Newbury Park/London: Sage.

Diani, Mario. 1995. Green Networks. A Structural Analysis of the Italian Environmental Movement. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Diani, Mario. 1996. ‘Linking Mobilization Frames and Political Opportunity Structures: Insights from Regional Populism in Italy.’ American Sociological Review 61, 6: 1053-1069.

Diani, Mario. 1997. ‘Social Movements and Social Capital.’ Mobilization 2: 129-47.

Diani, Mario. 2000a. ‘The Relational Deficit of Ideologically Structured Action: Comments On Mayer Zald.’ Mobilization 5: 17-24.

Diani, Mario. 2000b. ‘Simmel toRokkan and Beyond: Elements for a Network Theory of (New) Social Movements.’ European Journal of Social Theory 3: 387-406.

Diani, Mario. 2000c. ‘Social Movement Networks Virtual and Real.’ Information, Communication and Society 3: 386-401.

Diani, Mario. 2001. ‘Social Movement Organizations vs. Interest Groups: A Relational View.’ Paper presented at the ECPR First General Conference, Canterbury, 6-8 September.

Diani, Mario. 2002. ‘Network Analysis,’ in Methods in Social Movement Research, edited by B. Klandermans and S. Staggenborg. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Diani, Mario. Forthcoming. ‘Networks and Participation,’ in The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by H. Kriesi, D. Snow, and S. Soule. Oxford: Blackwell.

Diani, Mario and Paolo R. Donati. 1984. ‘L’oscuro Oggetto Del Desiderio: Leadership E Potere Nelle Aree Del Movimento,’ in Altri Codici, edited by A. Melucci. Bologna: il Mulino.

Diani, Mario and Francesca Forno. 2002. ‘The Evolution of Environmental Protest in Italy 1988-1997.’ in Environmental Protest in Western Europe, edited by C. Rootes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Diani, Mario and Giovanni Lodi. 1988. ‘Three in One: Currents in the Milan Ecology Movement,’ in From Structure to Action, edited by B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi and S. Tarrow. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

DiMaggio, Paul J. and Walter W. Powell. 1991. ‘Introduction,’ in the New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Donati, Paolo R. 1996. ‘Building a Unified Movement: Resource Mobilization, Media Work, and Organizational Transformation in the Italian Environmentalist Movement,’ in Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, vol.19, edited by L. Kriesberg. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

Downs, Anthony. 1972. ‘Up and Down with Ecology -- the Issue Attention Cycle.’ The Public Interest 28: 38-50.

Downton, James V. 1973. Rebel Leadership. New York: Free Press.

Dryzek, John S. 1996. Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization. American Political Science Review 90: 475-487.

Dunlap, Riley and Angela Mertig. 1992. ‘The Evolution of the U.S. Environmental Movement from 1970 to 1990: An Overview,’ in American Environmentalism, edited by R. Dunlap and A. Mertig. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis.

Ebers, Mark. 1999. ‘The dynamics of inter-organizational relationships,’ in Networks in and Around Organizations. Research in the Sociology of Organizations. Vol.16, edited by S. Andrews and D. Knoke. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.

Edwards, Bob, Michael W. Foley, and Mario Diani (eds). 2001. Beyond Tocqueville: Social Capital, Civil Society, and Political Process in Comparative Perspective. Hanover: University Press of New England.

Eisenstadt, S. N. 1996. Japanese Civilization a Comparative View. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press.

Eliasoph, Nina. 1996. ‘Making a Fragile Public: A Talk-Centered Study of Citizenship and Power.’ Sociological Theory 14: 262-289.

Eliasoph, Nina. 1998. Avoiding Politics: How Americans Produce Apathy in Everyday Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ellingson, Stephen. 1995. ‘Understanding the Dialectic of Discourse and Collective Action: Public Debate and Rioting in Antebellum Cincinnati.’ American Journal of Sociology 101: 100-44.

Elster, Jon. 1989. Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Elster, Jon. 1998. ‘A Plea for Mechanisms,’ in Social Mechanisms: An Analytical Approach to Social Theory, edited by P. Hedstrom and R. Swedberg. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.

Emirbayer, Mustafa. 1997. ‘A Manifesto for a Relational Sociology.’ American Journal of Sociology 103: 281-317.

Emirbayer, Mustafa and Jeff Goodwin 1994. ‘Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency.’ American Journal of Sociology 99: 1411-54.