Table 3

Detailed participant characteristics at baseline.

Trial / Age (y)
Mean (SD) / Gestation at b/l (wk)
Mean (SD) / Parity
Mean (SD) or n/N, % / History GDM
n/N, % / Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
Mean (SD) / Postprandial BGL (mmol/L)
Mean (SD) / Fasting BGL (mmol/L)
Mean (SD) / HbA1c (%)
Mean (SD)
Con / Exp / Con / Exp / Con / Exp / Con / Exp / Con / Exp / Con / Exp / Con / Exp / Con / Exp
Avery47 / 30.4
(5.1) / 32.2
(4.9) / 26
(8.0) / 29
(3.0) / 0.4 / 1.5 / n/s / n/s / 25.5
(5.5) / 28.4
(7.6) / 10.4
(1.4) / 10.3
(1.0) / 4.7
(0.6) / 4.7
(0.4) / 5.0
(0.3) / 5.0
(0.4)
Bo50 / Elig 18 to 50 / Elig 24 to 26 / n/s / n/s / n/s / n/s / 27.5
(4.4) / 27.6
(4.1) / n/s / n/s / n/s / n/s / n/s / n/s
Brankston45 / 31.3
(5.0) / 30.5
(4.4) / 30
(2) / 29 (2) / n/s / n/s / n/s / n/s / 28.0
(5.7) / 25.9
(3.4) / 9.6
(1.4) / 9.9
(1.0) / 5.5
(0.6) / 4.8
(0.6) / n/s / n/s
Bung48 / 32.0
(5.7) / 31.0
(4.5) / 30
(2) / 30 (2) / n/s / n/s / n/s / n/s / b/lwt(kg)
79.2 (9.5) / b/lwt(kg)
75.8 (23.5) / n/s / n/s / 6.4
(0.4) / 6.4
(0.5) / n/s / n/s
de Barros44 / 32.4
(5.4) / 31.8
(4.9) / 31
(2) / 32 (2) / n/s / n/s / n/s / n/s / 25.4
(3.8) / 25.3
(4.2) / 9.0
(1.1) / 9.4
(2.4) / 5.2
(0.8) / 5.1
(1.0) / n/s / n/s
Halse46 / 32
(3) / 34
(5) / 29
(1) / 29
(1) / 1
(1) / 1
(1) / 3/20
15% / 2/20
10% / 26.4
(7.1) / 25.2
(6.7) / 8.7
(1.5) / 8.8
(0.9) / 4.6
(0.6) / 4.3
(0.4) / 5.3
(0.5) / 5.2
(0.4)
Jovanovic-Peterson49 / 31.1
(2.8) / 29.5
(2.5) / n/s / n/s / n/s / n/s / n/s / n/s / b/lwt(kg)
75.3 (8.2) / b/lwt(kg)
78.4 (9.7) / 10.1
(0.7) / 10.8
(1.9) / 5.4
(0.7) / 5.6
(0.5) / 4.9
(0.4) / 4.8
(0.3)
Youngwanichsetha51 / 31.2
(4.5) / 32.6
(5.0) / Elig 24 to 30 / 65/85
76% / 64/85
75% / 33/85
39% / 28/85
33% / b/l BMI
27.1(4.1) / b/l BMI
27.1 (3.6) / 9.8
(1.0) / 10.0
(1.3) / 5.0
(0.5) / 5.0
(0.5) / n/s / n/s

BMI = body mass index, b/l = baseline, con = control group, elig = eligibility criterion, exp =experimental group, GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus, n/s = not stated, wt = weight.

Table 4

Detailed characteristics of the interventions.

Trial / Control intervention / Experimental exercise intervention
Type / Frequency / Intensity / Duration / Format / Site / Program duration
Avery47 / Diet/standard care / Cycle ergometer / Twice weekly / 70% age-predicted HRmax / 30 mins / Individual
Supervised / Centre / 6 weeks
Walking / Twice weekly / a/a via Borg scale 30 mins / 30 mins / Individual
Unsupervised / Home
Bo50 / Diet ± behavioural education / Brisk walking / Daily / Borg scale rating 12 to 14 / 20 mins / Individual (weekly phone calls and fortnightly visits) / Home / 24 to 26 weeks to 38th week or before delivery
Brankston45 / Diet/standard care / Circuit-type resistance exercise / Three times weekly / ‘To level that felt somewhat hard’
Exercises progressed weekly / 2 sets 15 reps week 1 progressed to 3 sets 20 reps / Individual 3 x Supervised then weekly phone calls / Home / 29 weeks gestation to delivery (~ 8 weeks)
Bung48 / Insulin therapy / Cycling on recumbent bike / Three times weekly / 50% of the Vo2 max test / 45 mins / Individual
Supervised
In lab / Centre
(exercise lab) / ~8 weeks
de Barros44 / Diet/standard care / Circuit-type resistance training - eight exercise stations / Three times weekly / OMNI exertional scale 5 to 6 corresponding to ‘somewhat heavy’ / 15 reps 8 exercises Initially 2 circuits progressed to 3 lasting 30 to 40mins / Individual / Both / 31 weeks to end pregnancy (~8 weeks)
Halse46 / Diet/standard care / Stationary upright cycle ergometer plus exercise of choice / Three times weekly supervised
+ two unsupervised / Variable intensity
55% age predicted HRmax to bursts 75 to 85% age predicted HRmax / 25 mins week 1 progressed to 45mins / Individual
Some supervision / Home / 6 ± 1 week
Jovanovic-Peterson49 / Diet/standard care / Aerobic exercise on arm ergometer / Three times weekly / 70% age-predicted HRmaxor 140bpm, whichever lower / 20 mins / Not clearly reported / Centre / 6 weeks
Youngwanichsetha51 / Diet/standard care / Yoga pranayama andasanas (postures and movements) / Five times weekly / Each posture repeated 10 times
Otherwise n/s / 15 to 20 mins / Individual
Some initial supervision / Home / 8 weeks

Centre = centre-based exercise program, Home = home-based exercise program, n/s = not stated.

Exercise in gestational diabetes mellitus11/01/2019

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