Description of Judicial and Legal Services Labor and Capital

Appendix

Description of Judicial and Legal Services Labor and Capital

Labor is the predominant input into legal services (Gillespie 1976). Legal labor includes not only judges and attorneys, but other staff. In 2007, there were approximately 78,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) employees for local and state prosecution (Perry and Banks 2011), 50% of whom were support staff, investigators, victim advocates, legal services, or other non-attorney roles. Regarding county and state public defense, in 2007, there were 18,269 FTE employees; 59% are attorneys with the remaining 41% support staff of investigators, social workers, indigence screeners, paralegals, administrative, clerical, training, interns, and other (human resources, forensic specialists, child psychologists, interpreters, IT specialists, contracted investigators) (Farole and Langton 2010). As of 2011, there are 28,906 state appellate and trial court judges, 1.2 per 10,000 U.S. residents (Malega and Cohen 2013). Their staff includes research attorneys and court clerks. Court staff may also include court reporters, IT specialists, court administrators, and court security. Additionally, the courts contract individuals for court proceedings (sign language interpreters, foreign language interpreters) and to implement case outcomes or conditions (child support enforcement, court-appointed child advocates, guardianship, court-ordered treatment, pretrial services, Americans with Disabilities Act Compliance).

Total labor resources refer to all the time spent before, during, and after the outcome of a case for all types of labor. This can include initial case review, oversight of the briefing and filing process, reviewing the submissions of the parties, case management, coordinating with lawyers and court on case scheduling and related matters, prehearing assistance, conducting settlement conferences, legal research, cite-checking, drafting of memoranda, orders, and opinions, and more.

Capital includes IT hardware and software, office supplies, a courthouse or agency office, and utilities. Buildings are typically not considered in the cost per unit of crime because spending(rent or mortgage) cannot be reduced or expanded in a relevant period of time.

Supplement Tables

Table 5: Current Expenditures for Public Judicial/Legal Services, 2010

Expenditure, $ / Annual salary for Justice, Public Order, and Public Safety, $
Alabama / 417,393,000 / 43,589
Alaska / 266,952,000 / 57,590
Arizona / 942,928,000 / 47,923
Arkansas / 191,213,000 / 38,600
California / 8,595,046,000 / 60,146
Colorado / 551,474,000 / 53,009
Connecticut / 646,281,000 / 68,199
Delaware / 147,251,000 / 55,298
Florida / 2,227,464,000 / 39,437
Georgia / 977,276,000 / 35,926
Hawaii / 239,904,000 / 52,739
Idaho / 186,263,000 / 42,582
Illinois / 1,461,643,000 / 77,606
Indiana / 485,192,000 / 41,805
Iowa / 327,701,000 / 55,784
Kansas / 296,464,000 / 40,498
Kentucky / 476,718,000 / 36,595
Louisiana / 657,159,000 / 48,577
Maine / 106,106,000 / 46,872
Maryland / 772,892,000 / 48,643
Massachusetts / 875,594,000 / 66,487
Michigan / 1,015,271,000 / 63,837
Minnesota / 658,707,000 / 53,367
Mississippi / 222,794,000 / 40,931
Missouri / 480,873,000 / 33,205
Montana / 146,733,000 / 42,957
Nebraska / 170,938,000 / 43,228
Nevada / 442,475,000 / 53,883
New Hampshire / 129,122,000 / 48,291
New Jersey / 1,525,682,000 / 78,356
New Mexico / 308,000,000 / 46,713
New York / 4,190,319,000 / 69,411
North Carolina / 687,959,000 / 41,357
North Dakota* / 79,508,000 / 48,312
Ohio / 1,714,803,000 / 56,109
Oklahoma / 323,294,000 / 44,016
Oregon / 436,280,000 / 54,488
Pennsylvania / 1,664,999,000 / 62,641
Rhode Island / 116,747,000 / 76,147
South Carolina / 317,524,000 / 35,538
South Dakota / 72,622,000 / 40,565
Tennessee / 610,189,000 / 41,907
Texas / 2,435,460,000 / 41,225
Utah / 331,698,000 / 42,760
Vermont / 65,778,000 / 53,763
Virginia / 803,985,000 / 44,132
Washington / 822,451,000 / 54,011
West Virginia / 193,735,000 / 38,778
Wisconsin / 613,257,000 / 51,014
Wyoming / 110,150,000 / 54,635

Source: BJS (2014), BLS (2012). *For all Public Administration.

Table 6: Civil and Criminal Caseload by state, 2013

Tier / Total Civil Caseload / Total Criminal Caseload / Criminal caseload, as proportion
Alabama / G,L / 168,156 / 243,092 / 0.591
Alaska / G,L / 23,596 / 35,548 / 0.601
Arizona / G,L / 289,172 / 584,506 / 0.669
Arkansas / L / 51,584 / 532,283 / 0.912
California / S / 1,003,010 / 1,450,603 / 0.591
Colorado / G,L / 344,464 / 236,723 / 0.407
Connecticut / G,L / 126,906 / 152,653 / 0.546
Delaware / G,L / 61,477 / 174,977 / 0.740
Florida / G,L / 768,943 / 831,553 / 0.520
Georgia / G,L / 776,483 / 491,474 / 0.388
Hawaii / G,L / 35,103 / 76,647 / 0.686
Idaho / S / 72,823 / 92,950 / 0.561
Illinois / S / 537,930 / 385,801 / 0.418
Indiana / G,L / 421,456 / 278,359 / 0.398
Iowa / S / 130,308 / 129,804 / 0.499
Kansas / G,L / 157,013 / 50,665 / 0.244
Kentucky / G,L / 224,533 / 216,468 / 0.491
Louisiana / G,L / 212,362 / 310,849 / 0.594
Maine / S / 36,362 / 53,091 / 0.594
Maryland / G,L / 1,046,696 / 378,588 / 0.266
Michigan / G,L / 667,458 / 1,077,643 / 0.618
Minnesota / S / 176,675 / 167,474 / 0.487
Missouri / G,L / 272,783 / 224,598 / 0.452
Nebraska / G,L / 120,187 / 151,159 / 0.557
Nevada / G,L / 160,175 / 193,566 / 0.547
New Hampshire / G,L / 45,467 / 46,090 / 0.503
New Jersey / G,L / 882,676 / 719,905 / 0.449
New Mexico / G,L / 86,094 / 106,560 / 0.553
New York / G,L / 1,539,950 / 691,301 / 0.310
North Dakota / G / 32,753 / 42,177 / 0.563
Ohio / G,L / 568,239 / 824,342 / 0.592
Pennsylvania / L / 318,624 / 345,798 / 0.520
Rhode Island / G,L / 51,467 / 37,875 / 0.424
Texas / G,L / 1,596,824 / 3,401,246 / 0.681
Utah / G,L / 125,011 / 131,187 / 0.512
Vermont / S / 18,170 / 18,046 / 0.498
Washington / G,L / 295,268 / 267,007 / 0.475
West Virginia / G,L / 72,184 / 127,959 / 0.639
Wisconsin / G / 229,467 / 115,037 / 0.334
Minimum / 0.244
Maximum / 0.912

Source: LaFountain et al. (2015)

Table 7: Type of sentence received by convicted defendants

Prison / Jail / Probation / Other / Total
All felonies / 0.42 / 0.33 / 0.24 / 0.01 / 1.00
Violent offenses / 0.57 / 0.27 / 0.16 / 0.01 / 1.00
Murder / 0.98 / 0.02 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 1.00
Rape / 0.84 / 0.05 / 0.08 / 0.03 / 1.00
Robbery / 0.71 / 0.18 / 0.10 / 0.01 / 1.00
Assault / 0.47 / 0.34 / 0.18 / 0.01 / 1.00
Other violent / 0.47 / 0.31 / 0.21 / 0.01 / 1.00
Property offenses / 0.42 / 0.33 / 0.25 / 0.01 / 1.00
Burglary / 0.53 / 0.26 / 0.20 / 0.01 / 1.00
Larceny/theft / 0.40 / 0.32 / 0.27 / 0.00 / 1.00
Motor vehicle theft / 0.46 / 0.31 / 0.21 / 0.02 / 1.00
Misdemeanors / 0.03 / 0.53 / 0.31 / 0.13 / 1.00

Table 8: Literature Estimates of Proportion of Time Spent on Crime

Minnesota / New Mexico / North Carolina
Felony / Misdemeanor / Felony / Misdemeanor / Felony / Misdemeanor
Violent crime
Murder / 0.727 / n/a / 0.454 / n/a / 0.594 / n/a
Rape / 0.105 / n/a / 0.270 / n/a / 0.076 / n/a
Robbery / 0.035 / 0.006 / 0.019 / 0.007 / 0.073 / 0.018
Aggravated Assault / 0.035 / 0.006 / 0.019 / 0.007 / 0.073 / 0.018
Property crime
Burglary / 0.021 / 0.006 / 0.066 / 0.007 / 0.025 / 0.018
Theft / 0.021 / 0.006 / 0.066 / 0.007 / 0.025 / 0.018
Motor Vehicle Theft / 0.021 / 0.006 / 0.066 / 0.007 / 0.025 / 0.018
Other (Part II crimes) / n/a / 0.006 / n/a / 0.007 / n/a / 0.018
Total / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0

Source: Ostrom and Kleiman (2010); NCSC (2007); Lee and Kleiman (2011). n/a- not applicable.

Table 9: Number of Arrests by Crime Type, 2010

Murder / Rape / Rob-bery / Agg Assault / Burg-lary / Theft / MVT / Part II arrests / Total
Alabama / 176 / 230 / 688 / 2,678 / 2,183 / 12,691 / 658 / 135,962 / 155,266
Alaska / 25 / 88 / 264 / 2,085 / 486 / 3,141 / 280 / 35,715 / 42,084
Arizona / 315 / 193 / 1,708 / 5,883 / 4,185 / 32,822 / 1,411 / 240,389 / 286,906
Arkansas / 67 / 164 / 398 / 2,643 / 2,027 / 9,179 / 286 / 99,265 / 114,029
California / 1,548 / 1,909 / 18,163 / 88,102 / 51,601 / 86,717 / 12,957 / 1,139,003 / 1,400,000
Colorado / 120 / 441 / 907 / 4,471 / 2,483 / 19,510 / 971 / 181,350 / 210,253
Connecticut / 104 / 234 / 1,431 / 3,644 / 2,787 / 13,514 / 646 / 106,310 / 128,670
Delaware / 31 / 86 / 600 / 1,750 / 1,145 / 5,773 / 117 / 28,415 / 37,917
Florida / 852 / 1,546 / 9,419 / 33,270 / 28,392 / 96,923 / 5,607 / 823,991 / 1,000,000
Georgia / 410 / 341 / 2,892 / 9,871 / 8,602 / 39,197 / 2,176 / 276,609 / 340,098
Hawaii / 22 / 111 / 375 / 870 / 512 / 4,229 / 426 / 40,330 / 46,875
Idaho / 13 / 104 / 105 / 1,123 / 986 / 5,473 / 183 / 57,637 / 65,624
Illinois / 264 / 434 / 2,594 / 4,273 / 2,721 / 13,185 / 3,118 / 119,068 / 145,657
Indiana / 115 / 109 / 762 / 3,347 / 2,902 / 17,392 / 688 / 113,747 / 139,062
Iowa / 20 / 105 / 273 / 3,660 / 1,871 / 11,615 / 387 / 88,869 / 106,800
Kansas / 43 / 179 / 284 / 2,056 / 1,003 / 5,815 / 339 / 69,846 / 79,565
Kentucky / 113 / 222 / 1,075 / 2,018 / 3,216 / 13,066 / 407 / 128,091 / 148,208
Louisiana / 163 / 192 / 906 / 8,043 / 3,812 / 18,008 / 688 / 111,060 / 142,872
Maine / 19 / 68 / 201 / 403 / 1,493 / 6,209 / 234 / 45,939 / 54,566
Maryland / 271 / 305 / 3,385 / 7,117 / 5,813 / 21,528 / 1,791 / 211,423 / 251,633
Massachu-setts / 87 / 383 / 1,850 / 10,667 / 3,934 / 15,199 / 768 / 115,394 / 148,282
Michigan / 187 / 665 / 2,567 / 9,733 / 6,211 / 26,782 / 1,988 / 227,636 / 275,769
Minnesota / 90 / 1,037 / 4,019 / 2,833 / 24,552 / 980 / 147,192 / 180,703
Mississippi / 116 / 142 / 612 / 1,103 / 2,525 / 8,970 / 352 / 95,982 / 109,802
Missouri / 145 / 374 / 1,851 / 7,849 / 6,066 / 32,812 / 1,473 / 238,925 / 289,495
Montana / 9 / 25 / 54 / 672 / 233 / 3,259 / 198 / 20,608 / 25,058
Nebraska / 60 / 163 / 332 / 1,484 / 863 / 8,782 / 358 / 71,090 / 83,132
Nevada / 113 / 143 / 1,576 / 4,445 / 2,521 / 12,513 / 538 / 130,201 / 152,050
New Hampshire / 5 / 63 / 187 / 510 / 587 / 3,507 / 69 / 41,510 / 46,438
New Jersey / 254 / 313 / 3,825 / 8,271 / 5,951 / 26,635 / 642 / 305,856 / 351,747
New Mexico / 86 / 122 / 330 / 3,778 / 1,636 / 10,178 / 384 / 94,195 / 110,709
New York / 234 / 503 / 3,372 / 9,724 / 8,256 / 45,462 / 2,051 / 268,872 / 338,474
North Carolina / 553 / 598 / 3,671 / 13,789 / 15,196 / 43,788 / 1,180 / 346,925 / 425,700
North Dakota / 7 / 39 / 31 / 351 / 232 / 2,449 / 129 / 21,662 / 24,900
Ohio / 183 / 511 / 2,790 / 3,940 / 6,725 / 30,710 / 935 / 226,861 / 272,655
Oklahoma / 161 / 243 / 761 / 4,495 / 3,017 / 14,892 / 442 / 129,947 / 153,958
Oregon / 82 / 222 / 971 / 2,738 / 2,343 / 19,943 / 1,165 / 95,976 / 123,440
Pennsyl-vania / 556 / 975 / 6,896 / 15,836 / 9,389 / 46,175 / 2,595 / 370,440 / 452,862
Rhode Island / 9 / 61 / 270 / 606 / 834 / 2,748 / 151 / 31,214 / 35,893
South Carolina / 239 / 305 / 1,486 / 6,789 / 4,484 / 20,805 / 838 / 160,550 / 195,496
South Dakota / 11 / 47 / 39 / 451 / 353 / 2,942 / 112 / 22,762 / 26,717
Tennessee / 253 / 335 / 2,296 / 12,095 / 6,384 / 32,097 / 1,737 / 272,496 / 327,693
Texas / 767 / 1,851 / 7,612 / 22,842 / 19,493 / 115,161 / 4,656 / 927,618 / 1,100,000
Utah / 43 / 238 / 444 / 1,345 / 1,406 / 18,872 / 325 / 102,451 / 125,124
Vermont / 6 / 77 / 19 / 367 / 306 / 1,208 / 80 / 9,395 / 11,458
Virginia / 293 / 366 / 2,005 / 4,608 / 4,486 / 30,893 / 1,045 / 309,777 / 353,473
Washington / 108 / 583 / 1,898 / 5,038 / 5,059 / 25,895 / 1,237 / 177,943 / 217,761
West Virginia / 26 / 60 / 178 / 1,625 / 875 / 4,839 / 193 / 38,574 / 46,370
Wisconsin / 139 / 626 / 1,777 / 4,711 / 3,949 / 28,916 / 958 / 268,305 / 309,381
Wyoming / 6 / 38 / 23 / 422 / 350 / 2,418 / 84 / 31,829 / 35,170

Source: FBI (2011a). MVT= Motor vehicle theft.

Table 10: Number of Reported Crimes by Part I Crime Type, 2010

Murder / Rape / Robbery / Aggravated Assault / Burglary / Theft / MVT
Alabama / 275 / 1,355 / 4,864 / 11,869 / 42,484 / 115,564 / 10,780
Alaska / 31 / 533 / 594 / 3,379 / 3,105 / 15,535 / 1,619
Arizona / 408 / 2,191 / 6,953 / 16,976 / 50,932 / 154,137 / 21,733
Arkansas / 134 / 1,321 / 2,369 / 10,887 / 32,463 / 65,796 / 5,561
California / 1,809 / 8,331 / 58,116 / 95,877 / 228,857 / 600,558 / 152,524
Colorado / 129 / 2,230 / 3,164 / 10,816 / 26,196 / 97,534 / 11,271
Connecticut / 133 / 595 / 3,553 / 5,802 / 15,145 / 56,413 / 6,701
Delaware / 51 / 326 / 1,839 / 3,392 / 7,550 / 21,593 / 1,935
Florida / 987 / 5,373 / 26,086 / 69,523 / 169,119 / 458,454 / 41,462
Georgia / 555 / 2,107 / 12,372 / 24,034 / 96,947 / 226,161 / 30,341
Hawaii / 25 / 377 / 1,065 / 2,136 / 8,706 / 31,681 / 5,280
Idaho / 22 / 533 / 213 / 2,696 / 6,513 / 23,594 / 1,329
Illinois / 704 / 3,066 / 20,386 / 32,976 / 77,472 / 242,681 / 28,911
Indiana / 268 / 1,760 / 6,559 / 12,396 / 48,570 / 137,204 / 13,500
Iowa / 38 / 883 / 1,012 / 6,258 / 16,746 / 48,194 / 3,800
Kansas / 97 / 1,146 / 1,538 / 7,821 / 19,315 / 63,774 / 6,020
Kentucky / 188 / 1,438 / 3,748 / 5,230 / 30,443 / 74,488 / 6,239
Louisiana / 500 / 1,230 / 5,297 / 18,214 / 45,437 / 110,260 / 9,970
Maine / 24 / 389 / 412 / 796 / 7,364 / 24,547 / 989
Maryland / 426 / 1,228 / 11,054 / 18,899 / 36,704 / 118,578 / 18,027
Massachusetts / 214 / 1,784 / 6,897 / 21,842 / 37,903 / 105,124 / 11,469
Michigan / 580 / 4,733 / 11,522 / 31,858 / 74,345 / 169,748 / 27,408
Minnesota / 96 / 1,798 / 3,388 / 7,233 / 24,415 / 103,429 / 8,587
Mississippi / 204 / 931 / 2,777 / 4,087 / 30,453 / 52,784 / 5,359
Missouri / 420 / 1,445 / 6,185 / 19,390 / 44,197 / 140,526 / 16,135
Montana / 25 / 332 / 154 / 2,222 / 3,692 / 20,166 / 1,551
Nebraska / 54 / 674 / 1,020 / 3,345 / 8,318 / 36,896 / 3,613
Nevada / 158 / 965 / 5,298 / 11,508 / 22,286 / 42,533 / 10,185
New Hampshire / 13 / 411 / 450 / 1,330 / 5,444 / 22,789 / 997
New Jersey / 371 / 981 / 11,818 / 13,885 / 38,732 / 128,754 / 15,556
New Mexico / 140 / 959 / 1,616 / 9,432 / 21,023 / 44,503 / 5,250
New York / 868 / 2,797 / 28,630 / 44,197 / 65,839 / 293,232 / 20,639
North Carolina / 474 / 2,002 / 9,620 / 22,583 / 102,826 / 208,057 / 18,319
North Dakota / 10 / 245 / 90 / 1,203 / 2,000 / 9,137 / 873
Ohio / 479 / 3,730 / 16,486 / 15,611 / 107,125 / 248,581 / 21,130
Oklahoma / 195 / 1,469 / 3,345 / 13,091 / 37,848 / 81,303 / 10,313
Oregon / 96 / 1,239 / 2,421 / 5,892 / 20,035 / 87,494 / 9,128
Pennsylvania / 653 / 3,472 / 16,375 / 26,112 / 55,206 / 204,440 / 16,720
Rhode Island / 29 / 298 / 782 / 1,600 / 6,124 / 18,432 / 2,403
South Carolina / 265 / 1,551 / 5,017 / 21,090 / 46,261 / 121,544 / 13,293
South Dakota / 23 / 385 / 154 / 1,634 / 3,192 / 11,196 / 800
Tennessee / 359 / 2,173 / 8,361 / 28,016 / 64,293 / 153,729 / 14,833
Texas / 1,249 / 7,622 / 32,843 / 71,517 / 228,597 / 654,626 / 68,023
Utah / 53 / 983 / 1,269 / 3,620 / 15,095 / 67,242 / 5,979
Vermont / 7 / 141 / 76 / 596 / 3,348 / 10,373 / 439
Virginia / 376 / 1,580 / 5,678 / 9,550 / 30,804 / 145,990 / 10,609
Washington / 154 / 2,579 / 5,929 / 12,476 / 55,192 / 168,490 / 25,744
West Virginia / 58 / 362 / 776 / 4,390 / 10,778 / 28,104 / 2,419
Wisconsin / 155 / 1,191 / 4,516 / 8,305 / 26,636 / 107,993 / 8,152
Wyoming / 8 / 162 / 77 / 870 / 2,151 / 11,126 / 592

Source: FBI (2011a). MVT= Motor vehicle theft.

1

Table 11: Results for Average Variable Cost per Crime, by State

Murder / Rape / Robbery / Aggravated Assault / Burglary / Larceny/theft / MVT
Alabama / 27,797 / 2,160 / 454 / 569 / 130 / 256 / 148
(19035-35280) / (1331-2832) / (278-592) / (381-723) / (87-166) / (173-326) / (100-189)
Alaska / 62,423 / 3,726 / 2,552 / 2,769 / 701 / 838 / 745
(42755-79100) / (2311-4869) / (1574-3312) / (1856-3525) / (467-897) / (567-1065) / (504-947)
Arizona / 36,837 / 1,235 / 868 / 961 / 228 / 544 / 173
(25506-46549) / (772-1617) / (541-1121) / (648-1218) / (153-290) / (375-690) / (117-220)
Arkansas / 15,406 / 1,125 / 387 / 437 / 113 / 232 / 89
(10607-19530) / (703-1462) / (238-500) / (292-556) / (76-143) / (158-295) / (60-113)
California / 61,736 / 4,835 / 1,682 / 3,831 / 945 / 560 / 342
(42892-78698) / (3012-6316) / (1044-2176) / (2573-4847) / (635-1209) / (382-714) / (229-438)
Colorado / 32,558 / 2,013 / 747 / 838 / 192 / 375 / 168
(22548-41096) / (1249-2626) / (462-975) / (560-1066) / (129-243) / (258-475) / (113-213)
Connecticut / 39,746 / 5,889 / 1,521 / 1,856 / 544 / 653 / 275
(27448-50341) / (3666-7749) / (939-1985) / (1244-2343) / (364-691) / (451-829) / (186-349)
Delaware / 28,573 / 3,642 / 1,135 / 1,404 / 412 / 671 / 158
(19732-36308) / (2245-4796) / (698-1481) / (949-1796) / (277-528) / (462-852) / (108-202)
Florida / 32,653 / 3,184 / 1,019 / 1,048 / 370 / 429 / 287
(22454-41573) / (1973-4182) / (629-1326) / (698-1336) / (248-474) / (292-544) / (192-366)
Georgia / 40,938 / 2,643 / 961 / 1,320 / 286 / 514 / 221
(28063-52009) / (1634-3478) / (599-1252) / (878-1691) / (191-367) / (350-655) / (149-280)
Hawaii / 60,196 / 5,898 / 1,788 / 1,621 / 234 / 489 / 308
(41829-76156) / (3628-7726) / (1102-2333) / (1078-2059) / (158-295) / (336-620) / (209-389)
Idaho / 28,406 / 2,750 / 1,760 / 1,169 / 423 / 600 / 370
(19529-35989) / (1699-3605) / (1080-2272) / (774-1487) / (283-537) / (411-761) / (251-472)
Illinois / 32,276 / 3,582 / 807 / 650 / 176 / 251 / 518
(22241-40878) / (2221-4672) / (503-1046) / (435-828) / (118-224) / (173-319) / (351-658)
Indiana / 24,828 / 1,043 / 499 / 908 / 199 / 392 / 164
(17016-31631) / (646-1359) / (306-651) / (604-1162) / (134-253) / (268-499) / (110-210)
Iowa / 20,424 / 1,351 / 783 / 1,319 / 252 / 503 / 221
(14018-25922) / (830-1758) / (480-1023) / (883-1683) / (169-322) / (346-635) / (150-281)
Kansas / 28,974 / 2,997 / 903 / 998 / 197 / 320 / 206
(20026-36746) / (1839-3941) / (558-1170) / (671-1268) / (131-252) / (217-408) / (140-261)
Kentucky / 37,084 / 2,794 / 1,312 / 1,384 / 379 / 581 / 225
(25352-46980) / (1720-3670) / (809-1700) / (916-1759) / (256-482) / (395-736) / (151-286)
Louisiana / 20,930 / 2,928 / 813 / 1,643 / 312 / 562 / 247
(14518-26572) / (1804-3833) / (503-1061) / (1111-2086) / (212-395) / (387-715) / (167-313)
Maine / 23,069 / 1,490 / 1,056 / 858 / 344 / 396 / 386
(15875-29224) / (923-1948) / (649-1379) / (570-1088) / (229-439) / (269-502) / (258-491)
Maryland / 27,793 / 3,159 / 994 / 959 / 401 / 426 / 243
(19156-35239) / (1979-4117) / (615-1294) / (639-1215) / (270-511) / (291-542) / (164-308)
Massachusetts / 24,430 / 3,801 / 1,197 / 1,697 / 362 / 469 / 225
(16770-31171) / (2378-4984) / (739-1554) / (1135-2174) / (243-463) / (322-596) / (152-288)
Michigan / 12,886 / 1,644 / 663 / 709 / 194 / 338 / 162
(8977-16298) / (1025-2136) / (411-861) / (477-904) / (132-247) / (231-429) / (110-205)
Mississippi / 19,756 / 1,568 / 567 / 546 / 168 / 319 / 128
(13651-24906) / (965-2055) / (348-737) / (364-692) / (112-214) / (217-406) / (87-162)
Missouri / 12,116 / 2,665 / 781 / 822 / 279 / 439 / 178
(8342-15313) / (1656-3495) / (482-1019) / (551-1043) / (189-356) / (301-560) / (121-226)
Montana / 34,622 / 2,112 / 2,511 / 1,688 / 352 / 834 / 684
(23950-43791) / (1304-2772) / (1545-3264) / (1128-2143) / (238-446) / (570-1057) / (466-864)
Nebraska / 37,031 / 2,353 / 804 / 858 / 200 / 424 / 185
(25604-46725) / (1470-3076) / (493-1046) / (574-1084) / (135-254) / (292-536) / (126-234)
Nevada / 27,164 / 1,643 / 837 / 851 / 250 / 599 / 112
(18597-34450) / (1016-2144) / (516-1089) / (565-1085) / (168-317) / (411-758) / (75-143)
New Hampshire / 15,998 / 1,876 / 1,288 / 929 / 260 / 344 / 161
(10989-20222) / (1153-2445) / (788-1677) / (617-1188) / (175-329) / (233-437) / (109-204)
New Jersey / 26,536 / 3,631 / 932 / 1,344 / 347 / 433 / 90
(18341-33501) / (2255-4722) / (577-1203) / (903-1703) / (231-443) / (295-551) / (60-114)
New Mexico / 25,699 / 1,560 / 636 / 975 / 189 / 515 / 171
(17571-32668) / (960-2029) / (389-830) / (650-1241) / (126-239) / (351-654) / (114-218)
New York / 32,897 / 6,426 / 1,068 / 1,567 / 891 / 1,013 / 679
(22485-41933) / (3951-8399) / (653-1400) / (1041-1996) / (593-1136) / (691-1293) / (458-866)
North Carolina / 30,807 / 2,304 / 748 / 937 / 227 / 297 / 95
(21226-39140) / (1424-3024) / (462-974) / (627-1189) / (152-290) / (203-376) / (64-121)
North Dakota / 32,813 / 2,207 / 1,210 / 797 / 317 / 675 / 387
(22607-41550) / (1362-2895) / (740-1584) / (530-1014) / (212-401) / (461-859) / (261-490)
Ohio / 29,936 / 3,129 / 979 / 1,150 / 285 / 518 / 193
(20741-37793) / (1945-4094) / (606-1270) / (768-1466) / (192-362) / (358-655) / (130-245)
Oklahoma / 27,506 / 1,602 / 561 / 661 / 154 / 326 / 79
(18868-34722) / (993-2097) / (348-733) / (441-843) / (103-196) / (223-413) / (54-101)
Oregon / 37,851 / 2,329 / 1,323 / 1,194 / 300 / 541 / 317
(26120-48046) / (1430-3056) / (815-1719) / (800-1521) / (202-381) / (371-683) / (216-400)
Pennsylvania / 33,854 / 3,278 / 1,247 / 1,400 / 396 / 482 / 347
(23395-42896) / (2039-4273) / (777-1617) / (938-1779) / (266-502) / (329-610) / (234-442)
Rhode Island / 9,444 / 1,824 / 785 / 675 / 240 / 245 / 107
(6546-11994) / (1140-2376) / (488-1021) / (452-859) / (163-305) / (168-311) / (73-135)
South Carolina / 28,367 / 1,822 / 692 / 586 / 177 / 289 / 110
(19660-36068) / (1121-2374) / (427-901) / (394-742) / (119-224) / (199-365) / (76-140)
South Dakota / 22,836 / 1,700 / 900 / 768 / 308 / 672 / 373
(15690-28914) / (1059-2223) / (547-1178) / (512-976) / (207-390) / (460-855) / (254-473)
Tennessee / 21,916 / 1,409 / 639 / 782 / 180 / 349 / 203
(15107-27930) / (866-1849) / (395-832) / (521-995) / (121-228) / (237-444) / (138-257)
Texas / 22,901 / 2,636 / 638 / 693 / 184 / 351 / 142
(15817-29058) / (1645-3443) / (394-829) / (464-881) / (124-234) / (243-442) / (96-180)
Utah / 35,045 / 3,061 / 1,127 / 933 / 234 / 649 / 131
(24078-44449) / (1884-4018) / (692-1467) / (618-1193) / (157-299) / (446-825) / (89-166)
Vermont / 62,168 / 11,551 / 1,336 / 2,592 / 385 / 452 / 738
(42751-78888) / (7196-15131) / (830-1731) / (1726-3289) / (259-490) / (313-571) / (496-939)
Virginia / 28,453 / 2,456 / 955 / 1,024 / 310 / 416 / 201
(19517-36136) / (1525-3210) / (587-1241) / (682-1301) / (207-395) / (284-530) / (135-254)
Washington / 34,175 / 3,217 / 1,158 / 1,146 / 260 / 403 / 131
(23619-43027) / (2006-4206) / (713-1503) / (761-1461) / (174-330) / (277-512) / (89-167)
West Virginia / 33,710 / 3,652 / 1,279 / 1,616 / 353 / 696 / 335
(23018-42764) / (2270-4777) / (781-1664) / (1073-2066) / (235-452) / (476-883) / (226-425)
Wisconsin / 24,650 / 4,247 / 803 / 909 / 238 / 396 / 181
(17031-31254) / (2622-5606) / (495-1047) / (604-1159) / (159-303) / (271-504) / (123-230)
Wyoming / 31,144 / 2,863 / 924 / 1,172 / 394 / 486 / 330
(21418-39337) / (1756-3757) / (565-1207) / (780-1490) / (264-500) / (332-616) / (224-417)

Note. Interquartile range in parentheses.

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