Chapter 10 & 11
Describe the three functions of the nervous system.
Sensory function – Sensory nerves gather information from the body and the environment
Integrative function – Sensory information is processed or interpreted in the CNS
Motor function – Motor nerves (PNS) carry information from the CNS to the muscles and glands
What are the 4 parts of the brain?
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Describe the sequence of events that occurs at the synapse.
The nerve impulse travels along the axon toward the axon terminal and the synapse. The nerve impulse causes the neurotransmitter filled vesicles to fuse with the axon terminal membrane. The vesicles open and release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and binds to the receptor sites on the dendrite’s membrane. This causes a change in the membrane that allows the nerve impulse to develop in the dendrite. The nerve impulse travels toward the cell body.
Describe the way the nerve impulse is able to move along a myelinated axon.
The nerve impulse moves in a wave-like motion along the axon from cell body toward the axon terminal. The nerve impulse does not develop in the myelinated areas. The nerve impulse is able to develop at the Nodes of Ranvier, which are un-myelinated areas on the axon. The nerve impulse jumps from node to node, increasing the speed of conduction. This is called saltatory conduction.
A deficiency of dopamine in the basal nuclei is known as what?
Parkinson’s disease
The pictorial representation of where a spinal nerve innervates the skin, is named for the nerve and is used clinically to find which nerves are injured or impaired is known as the ___Dermatome___.
The effects of what nervous system are known as the “fight or flight” response.
a. Parasympathetic
b. Sympathetic
c. Autonomic
d. Somatic
The disease that is characterized by a progressive demyelination of the neurons and destruction of the oligodendrocytes is known as ___multiple sclerosis___.
True / False: The parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the craniosacral outflow.
Matching
a. Temporal lobe
b. Frontal lobe
c. Parietal lobe
d. Occipital lobe
_A__ controls hearing, smell, taste and memory storage
_D__ controls vision and vision –related functions and reflexes
_B__ controls personality, behavior, emotional expression and intellectual functions
_C__ the somatosensory area of the brain
The ____diencephalon___ is located beneath the cerebrum and above the brain stem. It includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.
True / False: Gray matter of the spinal cord is composed primarily of myelinated axons.
True / False: A reflex is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
True / False: The parasympathetic nervous system is also called the fight-or-flight system.
True / False: The reflex arc is the nerve pathway involved in a reflex
True / False: The patellar reflex is also known as the ankle-jerk reflex.
What are the two types of cells found in nervous tissue?
Neurons and Neuroglia
What is the name of the layer of white fatty material covering nerve fibers?
Myelin
Sensory neurons are also called ___afferent___ neurons.
Motor neurons are also called ___efferent___ neurons.
What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems
What part of the brain stem is found between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
The pons
What two ways can the peripheral nervous system be classified?
Structurally or functionally
True / False: When a neuron is polarized it is in its resting state.
The brain and spinal cord are part of the __central__ nervous system.
Which part of the brain stem is often called the vial center because of its influence on heart rate, blood pressure and respiration?
The medulla oblongata
The __thalamus__ serves as a relay station for most of the sensory fibers traveling from the lower brain and spinal cord region to the sensory areas of the cerebrum.
Star shaped glial cells that help keep toxic substances in the blood from entering the nervous tissue of the CNS are called ____astrocytes____.
What are the three main nerve plexuses?
Cervical, brachial and lumbosacral
The postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system secrete what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
What cranial nerve is associated with vision?
Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve
Oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheath for neurons in the __central__ nervous system.
Chapter 12
Projection and adaptation are both characteristics of ___sensation___.
Name the five types of receptors.
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
What are the components of a sensation?
A stimulus is presented
A receptor is stimulated by the stimulus
A sensory nerve conducts the nerve impulse to a specific area of the brain
The sensory information is interpreted in a specific area of the brain
True / False: The brain lacks pain receptors.
Pain impulses travel up to the spinal cord in the __spinothalamic__ tract.
What is the outermost layer of the eyeball called?
a. choroid
b. sclera
c. pupil
d. retina
What are the photoreceptors for color vision?
a. rods
b. cones
c. iris
d. pupil
What are the chemoreceptors found in the nose called?
Olfactory receptors
What is the name of the thin mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelid?
Conjunctiva
What are the three layers of the eye?
Sclera, choroid, retina
The cold thermoreceptors are stimulated at what temperatures?
10 – 50 °C (50 – 76 °F)
The heat thermoreceptors are stimulated at what temperatures?
25 – 45 °C (76 – 112 °F)
The senses can be split in to two groups. What are they and how are they distinguished from each other?
The general senses: receptors are widely distributed around the body
The special senses: receptors are localized within a particular organ of the head
The three tiny bones of the inner ear are called the ___ossicles___.
The ear can be divided into three parts. What are they?
The external, middle and inner ear
Where is the lacrimal gland located?
The superior lateral portion of the orbit
The point at which the fibers from the left and right eye cross is called the ___optic_chiasm___.
What is the path sound waves follow through the ear that leads to the brain interpreting them as hearing?
The sound waves are collected by the pinna and enter the external ear through the external auditory canal. The sound waves reach the tympanic membrane causing it to vibrate. These vibrations are passed to the middle ear and the three ossicles. The malleus vibrates the incus which vibrates the stapes. The stapes passes these vibrations on to the inner ear through the oval window. The vibrations are then passed through the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea. The hair-like receptors on the organs of Corti in the cochlea are bent by these vibrations causing a nerve impulse to develop. This nerve impulse travels along the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex where it is interpreted as hearing.
Phantom pain in a severed leg is an example of __projection___.
__Proprioception__ is the sense of orientation or position.
What is the correct anatomical term for the condition of having crossed eyes?
Convergent strabismus
You walk into a room and smell a very strong perfume. Once in the room for 45 minutes you no longer smell the perfume. This is called __adaptation__.
What four structures or materials must light pass through before it reaches the retina.
Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
The ___extrinsic___ eye muscles move the eyeball in its orbit.
The __ciliary__ muscles cause the lens of our eye to change shape.
The ability of the eyes to focus on a close object is called __accomodation__.
The passage way that connects the middle ear to the throat is called the __eustachian_tube__.
Chapter 13
Name the 2 communicating and coordinating systems of the body.
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Somatotrophic hormone is also known as __growth__ hormone.
The neurohypophysis is also known as the __posterior__ pituitary gland.
Name the two types of cells in the thyroid gland and the hormones they secrete.
Follicular cells secrete T3 and T4
Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin
Matching
a. pineal gland
b. parathyroid gland
c. thyroid gland
d. adrenal gland
e. thymus gland
__A__ also called the body’s biological clock
__D__ two small glands located above the kidneys
__B__ secretes parathytoid hormone
__C__ secretes T3, T4 and calcitonin
__E__ a lymphatic organ that plays an important role in immunity
What are the two types of hormones and what type of hormone receptors do they interact with?
Protein hormones interact with membrane receptors
Steroid hormones interact with intercellular receptors
What is another name for the pituitary gland?
Hypophysis
What are the target organs of oxytocin?
The uterus and mammary glands
What are the three mechanisms to control secretion of hormones?
Negative feedback control, biorhythms and central nervous system
What are the three classes of steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal gland?
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sex hormones
This gonad produces sperm and is stimulated by the anterior pituitary hormone LH.
The testes
This gonad produces the ova and secretes estrogen and progesterone.
The ovaries
Overproduction of the thyroid hormones leads to a sped-up metabolic state called ____Grave’s_____ disease.
The medulla and cortex are two regions of what organ?
The adrenal gland
Excretion of large amounts of urine due to a lack of ADH is called __diabetes_insipidus__.
A __hormone__ is a chemical messenger that influences or controls the activities of other tissues or organs.
The __thymus__ gland lies in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum.
The thyroid gland is composed of many secretory units called __follicles__.
__Prolactin__ is the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that promotes milk production in women.
What is the target organ(s) of antidiuretic hormone?
The kidneys
Hypothyroidism in adults can lead to what condition?
Myxedema
Which gland is sometimes called the body’s biological clock?
The pineal gland
What is the only hormone that decreases blood glucose?
Insulin
Describe the hormonal regulation of blood glucose.
When blood glucose rises above normal the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete insulin. The insulin helps carry the glucose from the blood into the body’s tissues. The insulin also stimulates the breakdown of glucose for energy, the conversion of glucose to glycogen, the synthesis of proteins from amino acids and the production of fats from fatty acids. Once the blood glucose returns to normal insulin secretion decreases. When the blood glucose falls below normal the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhas in the pancreas secrete glucagon. The glucagon helps to raise the blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of glycogen and protein into glucose. Once the blood glucose rises to a normal level glucagon secretion decreases.
What anterior pituitary hormone controls adrenal cortical secretion?
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Low blood calcium triggers release of what hormone?
Parathyroid hormone