CHM 2210

Review Exam I

CH 1-4

CH 1

  1. Definition of organic chemistry
  2. Old
  3. New
  4. Structure of atom
  5. Electrons -
  6. Protons +
  7. Neutrons 0
  8. Nucleus +
  9. Atomic orbitals
  10. S
  11. P
  12. D
  13. F
  14. Electron Configuration
  15. Elements
  16. Ions
  17. Valence and core electrons
  18. Bonding
  19. Covalent
  20. Ionic
  21. Drawing lewis dot structures
  22. Including formal charge
  23. Including resonance structures
  24. Hybridization of atoms
  25. Geometry about an atom
  26. Angles
  27. Valence bond theory
  28. Based on overlap of orbitals
  29. Hybridization
  30. Molecular orbital theory
  31. Additive and subtractive combo of orbitals
  32. Energy diagrams
  33. Chemical formulas
  34. Full structural formula
  35. Condensed
  36. Skeletal
  37. Molecular formula
  38. Empirical formula

CH 2

  1. Electronegativity
  2. Bonds
  3. Polar covalent
  4. Non-polar covalent
  5. Ionic
  6. Dipole moment
  7. % ionic character
  8. Intermolecular forces
  9. Dipole-dipole
  10. Ion-dipole
  11. Dispersion
  12. Hydrogen bonding
  13. Resonance for lewis structures
  14. Major
  15. Minor
  16. Acids and bases
  17. Arrhenius
  18. Definition
  19. Why did we have to come up with a new definition?
  20. Bronsted-Lowry
  21. Definition
  22. Acid, base, conjugate acid, conjugate base
  23. Lewis
  24. Definition
  25. Nucleophile
  26. Electrophile
  27. Dative bonding
  28. Acid strength
  29. Strength  as Ka as pKa
  30. For atom (attached to H) in different groups
  31. Strength  as electronegativity 
  32. Bond is more polar, so it dissociates in water easier (remember that water is polar and that like dissolves like)
  33. For atom (attached to H) in same group
  34. Strength  as size of atom 
  35. Larger size of conjugate ion stabilizes ion therefore reaction proceeds in product direction
  36. Strength of acid  as # of resonance structures of conjugate base 
  37. Stabilizes products therefore reaction proceeds in product direction

CH 3

  1. Alkanes
  2. Unreactive
  3. Hydrophobic
  4. Insoluble in water
  5. Less dense than water
  6. All single bonds
  7. Saturated compounds (has the max # hydrogens)
  8. CnH2n+2
  9. Aliphatic compounds
  10. Paraffins
  11. Burn in a flame to produce CO2 , H2O and heat
  12. Boiling point  as # C’s 
  13. Melting point  as # C’s 
  14. Boiling point  as branching 
  15. Melting point  as branching 
  16. Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary carbons and hydrogens
  17. Be able to label
  18. Naming alkanes
  19. IUPAC naming
  20. Straight chains
  21. Branched alkanes with substituents
  22. Using common names
  23. isobutane, isopentane, isohexane, neopentane
  24. Substituent names – isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl
  25. Complex substituents
  26. Drawing alkanes
  27. Skeletal structures
  28. Condensed formulas
  29. Constitutional isomers
  30. Conformers
  31. Torsional strain
  32. Steric strain
  33. Ethane
  34. eclipsed, dihedral angle = 0
  35. staggered, dihedral angle = 60
  36. skew, dihedral angle = anything else
  37. Which is most stable or least stable, why?
  38. Propane
  39. Eclipsed, dihedral angle = 0
  40. staggered, dihedral angle = 60
  41. skew, dihedral angle = anything else
  42. Which is most stable or least stable, why?
  1. Butane
  2. Totally eclipsed
  3. Gauche
  4. Eclipsed
  5. Anti
  6. What are the stabilities and associated energies of these conformers with respect to each other, why?
  1. Functional groups to memorize, matching based on being able to recognize what functional group is present in a structure
  2. Alkanes
  3. Alkenes
  4. Alkynes
  5. Arenes
  6. Alcohol
  7. Carboxylic acid
  8. Ester
  9. Ether
  10. Amide
  11. Amine
  12. Ketone
  13. Aldehyde

CH 4

  1. Cycloalkanes
  2. Rings of carbon atoms
  3. CnH2n
  4. Nonpolar
  5. Insoluble in water
  6. Compact shape compared to regular alkanes
  7. MP and BP similar to branched alkanes of same # of carbons
  8. Naming
  9. Base name
  10. cyclo
  11. straight chain
  12. Substituents added
  13. Complex substituents
  14. Common names
  15. Cis and trans
  16. Stability
  17. Cyclopentane and cyclohexane
  18. All others
  19. Which most stable, least stable, why?
  20. strain
  21. Angle strain
  22. Torsional strain
  23. Steric strain
  24. Cyclohexane
  25. Chair
  26. be able to draw and label all positions
  27. explain stability with respect to boat
  28. Boat
  29. be able to draw or recognize
  30. explain stability with respect to chair
  31. Axial positions
  32. Equatorial positions
  33. Monosubstitued
  34. Be able to draw the most stable conformation
  35. Explain why
  36. Disubstituted
  37. Be able to draw the most stable conformation
  38. Explain why

Go through each topic and make sure you understand the topic and how it relates to the other topics. Always ask yourself WHY? We will have time to go through and I will answer questions.

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Review Exam I