CHAPTER 1

Defining the CASA Volunteer

Purpose:To introduce the role responsibilities of being a CASA volunteer

Table of Contents

UNIT 1: Welcome

UNIT 2: The CASA Organizational Structure

UNIT 3: Principles & Concepts That Guide CASA Volunteer Advocacy

UNIT 4: Responsibilities of the CASA Volunteer

UNIT 5: Harris-Price Family Case Scenario

Objectives

By the end of this chapter, I will be able to…

Identify my own expectations and begin to explore my commitment to this work.

Describe the role as a CASA volunteer.

Recognize the expectations that others have for CASA volunteers.

Begin to understand the principles and concepts that guide CASA volunteer advocacy.

Begin to consider the boundaries of the relationship between CASA and the child.

Engage the attitudes, values, and skills that will make me an effective CASA volunteer.

CalCASA would like to thank all those who contributed to the development, writing, and training of this Volunteer Training Manual. Special thanks also goes to the Stuart Foundation and the Zellerbach Foundation for their support of CalCASA and this manual. We understand that educational tools are, by design, constantly changing and improving. This is a draft, so please let us know of any ways to improve this tool. You can contact CalCASA at .

CalCASA 2008 Volunteer Training Manual

© 2010 California Court Appointed Advocate Association, all rights reserved.

This publication is for educational purposes only, and may be reproduced and used by CASA programs for noncommercial purposes only.

UNIT 1: Welcome

Welcome to your Court Appointed Special Advocate(CASA) training. This represents a step toward making a huge difference in the life of a child. We at California CASA have designed this training manual to provide you with theknowledge, skill, and understandingthat can help you effectively advocate for children and youth in the child welfare system. The hope is that this training will combine with your heart, common sense, determination, and life experience to improve the life of a young person in need.

As a CASA volunteer, you will be empowered to advocate for the most vulnerable among us – children who have been abused, neglected, or abandoned. Your goal will be to engage your child’s circumstance. You will act as the eyes and ears of the court, and report the facts that you have learned and give the recommendations that will lead toimportant interventions in the child’s life.

The keystones of your work will be safety, permanence, and well-being. Everything that you do should connect to one of these three needs of your child. Safety comes first, and as a CASA volunteer you are required to report facts to the court, and report abuse or neglect that comes to your attention while acting as an advocate. Next is Permanence, whether it means returning to a parent, connecting with other family or community, or beginning a new family, itis simply essential to a child’s growth and success. Finally, there is Well-being, a measure of the child’s emotional and physical health. You will need to identify educational, material, and health related needs and ensure that the resources actually reach your child in an intelligent and timely fashion.

Being a CASA volunteer is not an easy undertaking. It requires commitment, time, dedication, and courage. You are about to embark upon a journey that will no doubt test you, but it will also thrill you, warm you, andgive you back more than you ever thought possible. You are about to become a CASA volunteer advocate. Welcome.

Activity 1A: Purpose & Concerns

In the large group, please share what you think is the role of a CASA volunteer, your reasons for wanting to be a CASA advocate, and one concern that you have about volunteering.

Activity 1B: Expectations of Training

Take a few minutes to think about your expectations from this initial CASA training and write them on a post-it. Once completed, please put your post-it on the poster marked “Expectations.” We will revisit these at the end of trainingto ensure that the training met your expectations.

UNIT 2: The CASA Organizational Structure

CASA began in 1977, and the idea of using trained volunteer citizens as advocates engulfed the nation. Today, CASA has a nationwide network of more than 59,000 volunteers who serve 243,000 abused and neglected children through more than 900 local programs.

CASA stands for Court Appointed Special Advocate, and as a CASA volunteeryou will be part of this large, 30 year-long, national movement. There is a national, state, and local structure, each independent and serving different functions. In California, we have the National CASA Association, theCalifornia CASA Association, as well as 43 local programs that serve our children.

  1. National CASA Association (NCASAA)

National CASA offers leadership and support to grow the CASA network nationally. It provides training, technical assistance, and produces a volunteer training curriculum. National CASA also promotes public awareness of the CASA movement and provides pass-through funding to local and state CASA programs.

  1. California CASA Association (CalCASA)

Similarly, CalCASA fortifies local programs with leadership, support,andtechnical assistancefocused solely on the vast and varied needs of California’s youth. Likewise, CalCASA has developed a specialized California-centered volunteer training curriculum (you are reading it now). CalCASA works closely with the Administrative Office of the Courts to ensure local program quality and effectiveness, and provides a strategic advancement of the CASA mission by promoting progressive child welfare policy and legislation, and sharing the best practices developed by local programs and discovered by volunteers like you.

  1. Local Programs

California hosts 43 local programs, each operated independently, that serve children throughout the state. Some are small, others are quite large, but they all adhere to the CASA mission of serving children and youth.

UNIT 3: Principles & Concepts That Guide CASA Volunteer Advocacy

  1. Who is a CASA Volunteer?

A CASA volunteeris aspecially trained member of the community who becomes a sworn officer of the court and is appointed to:

Independently investigate a child’s circumstances, talk to those involved, and gather relevant information

Write reports for the court that identify and highlight important facts and make thoughtful recommendations that are in the best interests of the child

Advocate to ensure that the child receives the attention and services needed to advance his or hersafety, permanence, and well-being

Establish a strong and stable connection with the child, enabling the child to grow and be resilient and interdependent

  1. Effective Advocacy Requires Training

As you will learn in Chapter 2, the child welfare system can prove incredibly complex. Effective advocacy requires specialized training, knowledge, understanding, and skill. The successful advocate will:

1.Seek to establish permanence for the child as soon as possible.

2.Approach each case with the goal of ensuring the child’s safety and increasing the child’s permanence, well-being, resilience, and interdependence.

3.Work within the parameters of federal and state laws governing child abuse, neglect, and dependency cases.

4.Utilize the guidance fromyour CASA program staff to:

  • Conduct an independent investigation to gather facts and research the case to ascertain the needs and wishes of the child.
  • Present fact-based recommendations so that the court can order appropriate resources and actions that will meet the needs of the child.
  • Advocate for services and results that increase the safety, permanence, well-being, resilience, and interdependence of the child.
  • Collaborate with the child (whenever possible), and the child’s family, social worker, attorney, therapist, and other service providers to identify the child’s needs and the resources available to meet those needs.
  • Ensure that the child receives, in an intelligent and timely fashion, anyand all identified resources and services, whether court-ordered or not.
  • Strengthen and extend the child’s professional and personal support network.
  • Work to establish permanence for the child.
  1. Introducing the “Best Interests” Principle – What Does It Mean?

Parens patriae is Latin for “father of the people,” and describes the power of the state to step in and assume the role of a parent when a child needs protection. When needed, the court, in itsparens patriae role, becomes the parent, and thus makes decisions as a parent would – in the best interests if the child. Therefore, this principle is imbedded in every decision the court makes such thatall decisions or actionsare in “the best interests of the child.”

So how does this affect you as a CASA? When making your recommendations, it is important to formulate them with the child’s best interests at the forefront. Your recommendations should not become a compromise of what you think are the needs of others involved. For example, if the child needs a winter coat, but the social worker has already told you that there is no money available, you should still inform the court of the need and recommend that the court order the provision of a winter coat. The child’s best interests are always at the center of what you do.

Of course, there are rules and laws that the court must follow while acting in the best interest of the child. Often, the law forces a certain action or order from the court. In this instance, it is as ifthe law presumes that a certain course of action is in a child’s best interests. For example, when a the court removes a child from his or her parent, the law presumes that it is in the child’s best interests to return home after six months unless further detriment can be proven. Thus, the court must do so, even if there are second thoughts or concerns expressed by other parties.

This is true of the CASA as well. The primary purpose of a CASA volunteer is to provide accurate and detailed fact-based information to the court so that it can make decisions that truly reflect the best interests of the child. You definitely provide your opinion as to what is in the best interests of the child, in the form of recommendations. However, you are not the decision maker – the judge is. Your role is to ensure that the judge has the best information possible to make his or her decision. Remember, the judge can only act on information that he or she knows. If no one has made the court aware of important facts, then the court cannot do its best to protect the best interests of the minor. This is why a CASA is so essential and effective in court.

Further, there will be times when rules seem to contradict what you think is in the best interest of the child. However, like the judge, you must follow the rules and law before you. For example, National CASA standards, and the California Rules of Court prohibit a CASA volunteer from taking a child to the volunteer’s home. It is presumed to be against the child’s best interests for you to do so. So, as you go through training, keep the best interests standard in mind, and take note of areas where it may run contrary to your thinking.

  1. Minimum Sufficient Level of Care

When the state removes a child from his or her home, it is a highly traumatic and invasive action. The parent/child relationship is constitutionally protected and important to the well-being of both the child and parent. Therefore, both Californialaw and good practice require that the social services agency keep the child in the home when it is at all possible, as long as it is safe to do so.

The “minimum sufficient level of care” is a standard that means that the care provided meets the child’s basic needs and that the child is not harmed physically, sexually or emotionally. If the child’s home meets this standard, then the child should be home.

Now, there is an inherent contradiction here. We were just saying that the court should always act in the “best interests” of the child, and now we are saying that the child should remain in home as long as the home meets the minimum sufficient level of care. The way to look at this is that remaining home is presumed to be in the best interest of the child – above all else – as long as the minimum sufficient level of care is met. The harm that is done by removing a child, and the invasion into the family is so great, that removal must be a last resort.

Therefore, keep in mind, that when you are working with a child who has been removed from home, the goal is to return that child as soon as the home is safe – even if the foster home appears better, or seems to provide more advantages or offer a better future.

The minimum sufficient level of care standard is not the same across the state, instead, it is determined by each community. When thinking about the standard in your community, consider these factors:

  1. The Child’s Needs

Is the parent providing basic physical, emotional, and developmental support?

(Physical support can meanfood, clothing, shelter, medical care, safety, protection)

(Emotional support includesattachment and care between parent and child) and

(Developmental support includes education, special help for children with disabilities, etc.)

  1. Social Standards

Is the parent’s behavior within or outside of commonly accepted child-rearing practices in our society?

Here are some examples: In terms of discipline, during the first half of the twentieth century, whipping a child with a belt was generally thought to be appropriate. Now, however, it is widely considered abusive, and families now opt for a short “time out” to discipline children. In terms of school attendance, it is a widely held expectation that parents send all children to school (or provide home schooling). Social standards also apply in medical care, where immunizations and regular medical/dental care are the standard.

  1. Community Standards

Does the parent’s behavior fall within reasonable limits, given the specific community in which the family resides?

Here are some examples: The age at which a child can be safely left alone varies significantly from urban to suburban to rural communities. Another question that often arises is, what age is old enough to babysit? The answer to these questions are at least partly determined by cultural and community norms. Even something as simple as sending a nine-year-old child to the store might fall within or outside those standards, depending on neighborhood safety, distance and traffic patterns, the weather, the child’s clothing, the time of day or night, the ability of the child, and the necessity of the purchase.

Keep in mind that different communities may have different standards from yours. These differences can be geographical (rural vs. urban) or cultural (wealthy vs. poor). Acultural community standard, for example, is when an Indian tribe has members wholive in a variety of locales but still share a common child-rearing standard. According to the Indian Child Welfare Act, the minimum sufficient level of care standard must reflect the community standards of the tribe of the Indian child.

  1. Why Do We Use a“Minimum Sufficient Level of Care”Standard?
  • It maintains the child’s right to safety and permanence while not ignoring the parents’ right to raise their children.
  • It is realistic.
  • It provides a reference point for decision makers.
  • It protects (to some degree) from individual biases and value judgments.
  • It discourages unnecessary removal from the family home.
  • It discourages unnecessarily long placements in foster care.
  • It focuses decisionmakers on what is the least detrimental alternative for the child.
  • It is culturally appropriate.

Activity 1C: Poverty vs. Neglect

Let’s take a moment to consider the differences between poverty and actual neglect that places a child’s safety at risk. Please complete the sentences in each of the following examples:

  1. Billy, a brown-haired, eight-year-old boy eats the free lunch provided at school. Other than that, he doesn’t have any regular meals – though he does snack whenever food is around. Is this a child safety issue?

Yes, if ______.

No, if ______.

  1. Lilly, a sweet child, lives with her family in a notoriously rough neighborhood, well known for drugs, robberies, and gangs. Is this a child safety issue?

Yes, if ______.

No, if ______.

  1. Little Charles, lives with his father who struggles to make ends meet. Each winter, the cost of heating the home skyrockets, and this – the coldest month, the gas was shut off, and they have no heat. Is this a child safety issue?

Yes, if ______.