Curriculum Vitae - Tore Skotland

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Curriculum Vitae - Tore Skotland

Education

B.Sc. (chemistry, physics, mathematics): University of Oslo, 1972.

M.Sc.(cand. real; biochemistry): University of Tromsø, 1974.

Ph.D. (dr. philos; biochemistry): University of Bergen, 1980.

Dissertation: “Studies on dopamine β-monooxygenase from bovine adrenal medulla”.

Positions

1974-1983: Biochemical Institute, University of Bergen

Research assistant, researcher, assistant professor

1983-2009:Pharmaceutical R&D with focus upon ADME work with contrast agents

Nycomed 1983-1997; Amersham 1997-2003; GE Healthcare 2003-2009

1983-1985: Senior researcher/project leader

1985-2003: Heading ADME/biochemistry work with all type of contrast agents

2003-2009: SpecialScientificAdvisor (Biochemistry/Metabolism/Bioanalysis)

2009-Scientist, Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo

Scientific activity

Author/co-author of ~25 publications in the field of protein chemistry (1974-1983).

Author/co-author of ~45 publications in the field of diagnostic imaging.

Author/co-author of ~10 publications in other areas (e.g. nanoparticles and cell biology).

Full publication list is shown below (updated summer 2012).

Management experience

Being responsible for scientific and non-scientific issues for all employees in the department for 19 years; department size 7-32 persons.

Member of the company steering group for GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) for 15 years.

International Collaboration

Long experience with international collaboration. This includes external scientists as well as people working in the world-wide organization of Nycomed, Amersham and GE (with R&D sites in Oslo, UK, USA, Germany, and India), and a total of approx. 5500 employees working with contrast agents world-wide.

Tutoring and Teaching

Considerable experience in teaching at university level, including mentoring for the M.Sc. and dr. philos. degree.

Peer reviewing

Used as reviewer for the many scientific journals in the field of pharmaceutical analysis, bioanalysis/metabolism, nanosciences and radiology.

Full publication list

Full publication list updated summer 2012 is starting on next page.

I am the first or last author on 64 of the 81 articles listed.

Publications by Tore Skotland

81.Bergan, J., Dyve Lingelem, A. B., Simm, R., Skotland, T. and Sandvig, K.: Shiga toxins. Toxicon 60 (2012) 1085-1107.

80. Østerud, B. and Skotland, T.: Doping analyses are not on safe ground. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegefor. 132 (2012) 929-90.

79.Skotland, T.: Molecular imaging: challenges of bringing imaging of intracellular targets into common clinical use. Contrast Media Mol. Imaging 7 (2012) 1-6.

78.Skotland, T., Iversen, T.-G., and Sandvig, K.: Comments on “Short ligands affect modes of QD uptake and elimination in human cells”. ACS Nano 10 (2011) 7690.

77. Sandvig, K, Pust, S, Skotland, T., and van Deurs, B.: Clathrin-independent endocytosis: Mechanisms and function. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 23 (2011) 413-420.

76. Iversen, T.-G. Skotland, T., and Sandvig, K.: Endocytosis and intracellular transport of nanoparticles: Present knowledge and need for future studies. Nano Today 6 (2011) 176-185.

75. Engedal, N., Skotland, T., Torgersen, M.L., and Sandvig, K.: Shiga toxin and its use in targeted cancer therapy and imaging. Microbial. Biotechnol. 4 (2011) 32-46.

74.Skotland, T., Iversen, T.-G., and Sandvig, K.: New metal-based nanoparticles for intravenous use: Requirements for clinical success with focus on medical imaging.Nanomedicine: NBM 6 (2010) 730-737.

73.Sandvig, K., Torgersen, M.L., Engedal, N., Skotland, T., and Iversen, T.-G.: Protein toxins from plants and bacteria: Probes for intracellular transport and tools in medicine. FEBS Lett. 584 (2010) 2626-2634.

72.Christiansen, C. and Skotland, T.: Changes of protein solutions during storage: A study of albumin pharmaceutical preparations. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 55 (2010) 121-130.

71.Kindberg, G.M., Uran, S., Friisk, G., Martinsen, I., and Skotland, T.: The fate of Gd and chelate following intravenous injection of gadodiamide in rats. Eur. Radiol. 20 (2010) 1636-1643.

70.Sandvig, K. Bergan, J. Dyve, A.-B., Skotland, T., Torgersen, M.L.: Endocytosis and retrograde transport of Shiga toxin. Toxicon 56 (2010) 1181-1185.

69.Røed, L., Oulie, I., and Skotland, T.: Human urinary excretion of NC100692, an RGD-peptide for imaging angiogenesis. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 37 (2009) 279-283.

68.Raa, H., Grimmer S., Schwudke D., Bergan J, Wälchli S, Skotland, T., Shevchenko, A. and Sandvig, K.: Glycosphingolipid requirements for endosome-to Golgi transport of Shiga toxin. Traffic 10 (2009) 868-882.

67.Moestue, S., Nunez, P., Healey, A., Bjerke, R., Indrevoll, B., Skotland, T. and Hustvedt, S.O.: Whole body section fluorescence imaging – a novel method for tissue distribution studies of fluorescent substances. Contrast Media Mol. Imaging 4 (2009) 73-80.

66.Røed, L., Oulie, I., Knüttel, T., Toft, K.G, Hustvedt, S.O. and Skotland, T.: Metabolism in rats of NC100692, an RGD-peptide for imaging of angiogenesis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 47 (2008) 164-169.

65.Landmark, K.E., Johansen, P.W., Johnson, J.A., Johansen, B., Uran, S. and Skotland, T.: Pharmacokinetics of perfluorobutane following intravenous bolus injection and continuous infusion of Sonazoid™ in healthy volunteers and in subjects with reduced pulmonary diffusion capacity. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 34 (2008) 494-501.

64.Toft, K.G., Johnson, J.A., Oulie, O. and Skotland, T.: NC100668, a new tracer for imaging of venous thromboembolism: Pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans. Drug Metab. Dispos. 35 (2007) 1979-1984.

63.Oulie, I., Røed, L., Toft, K.G. and Skotland, T.: Quantification of NC100692, a new tracer for 99mTc-imaging of angiogenesis, in human plasma using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B 852 (2007) 605-610.

62.Uran, S., Landmark, K., Hjellum, G. and Skotland, T.: Quantification of 13C pyruvate and 13C lactate by reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry after derivatization with 3-nitrophenylhydrazine. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 44 (2007) 947-954.

61.Skotland, T., Sontum, P.C., and Christiansen, C.: Absence of large molecular aggregates in X-ray contrast media. Eur. Radiol. 17 (2007) 1377-1379.

60.Hvattum, E., Uran, S., Sandbæk, A.G., Karlsson, A.Å. and Skotland, T.: Quantification of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid and free fatty acids in an ultrasound contrast agent by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 42 (2006) 506-512.

59.Skotland, T. and Grant, D.: In vitro cytotoxic effects of iodinated contrast media on a renal tubular cell line. Radiology 238 (2006) 758-759.

58.Skotland, T., Hustvedt, S.O., Oulie, I., Jacobsen, P.B., Friisk, G.A., Langøy, A.S., Uran, S., Sandosham, J., Cuthbertson, A. and Toft, K.G.: NC 100668, a new tracer for imaging of thromboembolism: Disposition and metabolism in rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 34 (2006) 111-120.

57.Toft, K.G., Hustvedt, S.O., Hals, P.-A., Oulie, I., Uran, S., Landmark, K., Normann, P.T. and Skotland, T.: Disposition of perfluorobutane in rats following intravenous injection of Sonazoid™. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 32 (2006) 107-114.

56.Toft, K.G., Oulie, I. and Skotland, T.: Quantification of NC100668, a new tracer for imaging of venous thromboembolism, in human plasma using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B. 829 (2005) 91-96.

55.Uran, S. Landmark, K., Normann, P.T., Hals, P.-A., Toft, K. G. and Skotland, T.: A respiration- metabolism chamber system and a GC-MS method developed for studying exhalation of perfluorobutane in rats after intravenous injection of the ultrasound contrast agent Sonazoid™. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 39 (2005) 746-751.

54.Skotland, T.: Contrast media augmented apoptosis of cultured renal, mesangial, tubular, epithelial, and hepatic cells.
Invest. Radiol. 39 (2004) 582.

53.Kindberg, G., Tolleshaug, H., Roos, N. and Skotland, T.: Hepatic clearance of Sonazoid perfluorobutane microbubbles by Kupffer cells does not reduce the ability of liver cells to phagocytose or degrade albumin microspheres.
Cell Tissue Res. 312 (2003) 49-54.

52.Skotland, T.: Pitfalls when drawing conclusions from in vitro experiments with high concentrations of radiographic contrast agents.
Radiology 225 (2002) 636-638.

51.Skotland, T., Sontum, P.C. and Oulie, I.: In vitro analyses as a model for metabolism of ferromagnetic particles (Clariscan™), a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 28(2002) 323-329.

50.Schmidt, P.P., Toft, K.G., Skotland, T. and Anderson, K.K.: Stability and transmetallation of the magnetic resonance contrast agent MnDPDP monitored with EPR. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 7 (2002) 241-248.

49.Larsen, Å, Uran, S., Jacobsen, P.B. and Skotland, T.: Collision-induced dissociation of glycero phospolipids using electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry.
Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 15 (2001) 2393-2398.

1. Uran, S., Larsen, Å., Jacobsen, P.B. and Skotland, T.: Determination of phospholipid species in human blood using normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry.
   J. Chromatogr. B 758 (2001) 265-275.

47.Toft, K.G., Myrset, A.H. and Skotland, T.: Dephosphorylation of MnDPDP and related compounds by acid and alkaline phosphatase.
J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 25 (2001) 613-618.

46.Jacobsen, P.B., Oulie, I., Christiansen, C. and Skotland, T.: Investigation of binding of 125I-iodixanol to high molecular weight substances after incubation with rat liver homogenates.
Acta Radiol. 42 (2001) 117-120.

45.Hvattum, E., Norman, P.T., Oulie, I., Uran, S., Ringstad, O. and Skotland, T.: Determination of perfluorobutane in rat blood by automatic headspace capillary gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry.
J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 24 (2001) 487-494.

44.Christiansen, C., Pichler, W.J. and Skotland, T.: Delayed allergy-like reactions to X-ray contrast media: Mechanistic considerations. (Review article)
Eur. Radiol. 10 (2000) 1965-1975.

1. Kindberg, G.M., Tolleshaug, H. and Skotland, T.: Uptake and degradation of radioactively labelled albumin microspheres as markers for Kupffer cell phagocytosis. Cell Tissue Res. 300 (2000) 397-400.

42.Jacobsen, P.B., Larsen, Å. Konarboland, R. and Skotland, T.: Biotransformation of nonionic X-ray contrast agents in vivo and in vitro.
Drug Metab. Dispos. 27 (1999) 1205-1213.

41.Hvattum, E., Larsen, Å., Uran, S., Michelsen, P.M. and Skotland, T.: Specific detection and quantification of palmitoyl-stearoyl-phosphatidylserine in human blood using normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry.
J. Chromatogr. B 716 (1998) 47-56.

40.Sontum, P.C., Christiansen, C., Kasparkova, V. and Skotland, T.: Evidence against molecular aggregates in concentrated solutions of X-ray contrast media.
Int. J. Pharmaceut. 169 (1998) 203-212.

39.Toft, K.G., Hustvedt, S.O., Grant, D., Martinsen, I., Gordon, P.B., Friisk, G.A., Korsmo, Å.J. and Skotland, T.: Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP) in man.
Acta Radiol. 38 (1997) 677-689.

38.Toft, K.G., Hustvedt, S.O., Grant, D., Friisk, G.A. and Skotland, T.: Metabolism of mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP), a new contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging, in Beagle dogs.
Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokin. 22 (1997) 65-72.

37.Toft, K.G., Kindberg, G.M. and Skotland, T.: Mangafodipir trisodium injection, a new contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging: In vitro metabolism and protein binding studies of the active compound MnDPDP in human blood.
J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 15 (1997) 983-988.

36.Toft, K.G., Friisk, G.A. and Skotland, T.: Mangafodipir trisodium injection, a new contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging: Detection and quantitation of the parent compound MnDPDP and metabolites in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography.
J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 15 (1997) 973-981.

35.Myrset, A.H., Nicolaysen, H., Toft, K.G., Christiansen, C. and Skotland, T.: Structure and organization of albumin molecules forming the shell of air-filled microspheres. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 24 (1996) 145-153.

34.Hvattum, E., Normann, P.T., Jamieson, G.C., Lai, J.-J. and Skotland, T.: Detection and quantitation of gadolinium-chelates in human serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography and post-column derivatization of gadolinium with ArsenazoIII. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 13 (1995) 927-932.

33.Jacobsen, P.B., Blindheim, L. and Skotland, T.: Bioanalytical methods for iodixanol and their application to studies on metabolism and protein binding.
Acta Radiol. 36 (1995) Supplement 399, 61-66.

32.Christiansen, C., Vebner, A.J., Muan, B., Vik, H., Haider, T., Nicolaysen, H. and Skotland, T.: Immunological studies of Albunex, a new ultrasound contrast agent based on air-filled albumin microspheres.
Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 104 (1994) 372-378.

31.Walday, P., Tolleshaug, H., Gjøen, T., Kindberg, G.M., Berg, T., Skotland, T. and Holtz, E.: Biodistribution of air-filled albumin microspheres in rats and pigs.
Biochem. J. 299 (1994) 437-443.

30.Hoff, L., Christiansen, C. and Skotland, T.: Considerations about the contribution to acoustic backscatter from Albunex microspheres with different sizes.
J. Ultrasound Med. 13 (1994) 181-182.

29.Christiansen, C., Kryvi, H., Sontum, P.C. and Skotland, T.: Physical and biochemical characterization of Albunex, a new ultrasound contrast agent consisting of air-filled albumin microspheres suspended in a solution of human albumin.
Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 19 (1994) 307-320.

28.Hellebust, H., Christiansen, C. and Skotland, T.: Biochemical characterization of air-filled albumin microspheres.
Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 18 (1993) 227-237.

27.Sponheim, N., Hoff, L., Waaler, A., Muan, B., Morris, H., Holm, S., Myrum, M., de Jong, N. and Skotland, T.: Albunex - a new ultrasound contrast agent.
IEE Conference Publication No. 369 (1993) 103-108.

26.de Jong, N., Hoff, L., Skotland, T. and Bom, N.: Absorption and scatter of encapsulated gas filled microspheres: Theoretical considerations and some measurements. Ultrasonics 30(1992) 95-103.

25.Skotland, T. and Flatmark, T.: The copper-enzyme dopamine -monooxygenase: Studies on the ability of several metals to inhibit the enzyme activity and to replace the copper.
J. Inorg. Biochem. 20(1984) 61-68.

24.Ljones, T. and Skotland, T.: Dopamine -monooxygenase (Review article)
in "Copper Proteins and Copper Enzymes" CRC Press (R. Lontie, ed.)
Vol. 2 (1984) 131-157.

23.Skotland, T. and Flatmark, T.: Dopamine-monooxygenase: Binding to apoenzyme and rapid exchange in holoenzyme of 64Cu studied with high-performance size-exclusion gel chromatography.
Eur. J. Biochem. 132 (1983) 171-175.

22.Skotland, T. and Ljones T.: The enzyme-bound copper of dopamine -monooxygenase. Activation of the holoenzyme by added copper and uncoupling of electron transfer from hydroxylation by copper salicylate.
J. Inorg. Biochem. 18 (1983) 11-18.

21.Døskeland, A., Ljones, T., Skotland, T. and Flatmark, T.: Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase from bovine and rat liver: Some physical and chemical properties.
Neurochem. Res. 7(1982) 407-421.

20.Skotland, T.: Metallproteiner
Del A. Metallproteiner - sentral del av biouorganisk kjemi. Viktig for alt liv
Kjemi nr. 7, 1981, 12-14.
Del B. Mer om metallproteiner. Proteiner med redoks-aktivt metall.
Kjemi nr. 1, 1982, 14-18.

19.Skotland, T.: Studies on the interaction of Cibacron Blue and Procion Red with dopamine -monooxygenase.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 659 (1981) 312-325.

18.Ljones, T. and Skotland, T.: Dopamine -monooxygenase. Proceedings from the 2nd BOC Priestley Conference on "Oxygen and Life", Birmingham 15 - 18 Sept. 1980, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 163-169.

17.Skotland, T. and Ljones, T.: Direct spectrophotometric detection of ascorbate free radical formed by dopamine -monooxygenase and by ascorbate oxidase.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 630 (1980) 30-35.

16.Skotland, T. and Ljones, T.: Inactivation of dopamine -monooxygenase by hydrogen peroxide and by ascorbate.
Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 201 (1980) 81-87.

15.Skotland, T., Petersson, L. Bäckström, D., Ljones, T., Flatmark, T., and Ehrenberg, A.: Electron paramagnetic resonance of the copper in dopamine -monooxygenase. Rapid reduction by ascorbate, the steady-state redox level, chelation with EDTA, and reactivation of the apoenzyme by added copper.
Eur. J. Biochem. 103 (1980) 5-11.

14.Ljones, T. and Skotland, T.: Evidence from the acceleration of cytochrome c reduction for the formation of ascorbate free radical by dopamine -monooxygenase.
FEBS Lett. 108 (1979) 25-27.

13.Skotland, T. and Ljones, T.: Dopamine -monooxygenase: Structure, mechanism, and properties of the enzyme-bound copper. (Review article)
Inorg. Perspect. Biol. Med. 2 (1979) 151-180.

12.Skotland, T. and Flatmark, T.: On the amphiphilic and hydrophilic forms of dopamine -monooxygenase in bovine adrenal medulla.
J. Neurochem. 32 (1979) 1861-1863.

11.Skotland, T. and Ljones, T.: The enzyme-bound copper of dopamine -monooxygenase: reaction with copper chelators, preparation of the apoprotein, and kinetics of the reconstitution by added copper.
Eur. J. Biochem. 94 (1979) 145-151.

10.Aksnes, A., Skotland, T., Flatmark, T. and Ljones T.: Bovine dihydropteridine reductase: Purification by affinity chromatography and comparison of the enzyme from liver and adrenal medulla.
Neurochem. Res. 4 (1979) 385-398.

9.Skotland, T., Ljones, T. and Flatmark, T.: Dopamine -monooxygenase: Reduced enzyme needs additional reductant for completion of the catalytic cycle.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 84 (1978) 83-88.

8.Flatmark, T., Skotland, T., Ljones, T. and Ingebretsen, O.C.: Fluorometric detection of octopamine in high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to the assay of dopamine -monooxygenase in human serum.
J. Chromatogr. 146 (1978) 433-438.

7.Ljones, T., Flatmark, T., Skotland, T., Petersen, L., Bäckström, D. and Ehrenberg, A.: Dopamine -monooxygenase: Electron paramagnetic resonance and oxidation-reduction properties of the enzyme-bound copper.
FEBS Lett. 92 (978) 81-84.

6.Ueland, P.M., Skotland, T., Døskeland, S.O. and Flatmark, T.: An adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-adenosine binding protein from mouse liver: Some physiochemical properties.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 533 (1978) 57-65.

5.Skotland, T. and Ljones, T.: Dopamine -monooxygenase. Determination of amide groups and a reevaluation of the specific extinction coefficient.
Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 10 (1977) 311-314.

4.Terland, O., Slinde, E., Skotland, T. and Flatmark, T.: Inhibition of dopamine -monooxygenase by non-ionic detergents of the Triton X-series.
FEBS Lett. 76 (1977) 86-90.

3.Skotland, T., Ljones, T., Flatmark, T. and Sletten K.: NH2-terminal sequence of dopamine -hydroxylase from bovine adrenal medulla.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 74 (1977) 1483-1489.

2.Ljones, T., Skotland, T. and Flatmark, T.: Purification and characterization of dopamine -hydroxylase from bovine adrenal medulla.
Eur. J. Biochem. 61 (1976) 525-533.

1.Skotland, T., Holm, T., Østerud, B., Flengsrud, R. and Prydz, H.: The localization of a vitamin K-induced modification in an N-terminal fragment of human prothrombin. Biochem. J. 143 (1974) 29-37.