Professor Raymond H C Bull BSc, MSc, DSc, CPsychol, FBPsS, FAPS
Awards etc.
In 2014 Ray became (for three years)‘President’ of the European Association of Psychology and Law. He is now ‘Immediate Past President’.
In 2012 Ray was awarded the first “Honorary Life-time Membership” of the 'International Investigative Interviewing Research Group' (that has several hundred members from dozens of countries).
In 2010 Ray was “Elected by acclaim” an Honorary Fellow of the British Psychological Society “for the contribution made to the discipline of psychology”. (This honour is restricted to no more than 40 living psychologists.)
In 2010 Ray received from the Scientific Committee of the Fourth International Conference on Investigative Interviewing a “Special Prize” for his “extensive contributions to investigative interviewing”.
In 2009 Raywas elected a Fellow by the Board of Directors of the Association of PsychologicalSciences(formerlythe American Psychological Society)for “sustainedand outstanding distinguished contribution to psychological Science” (FAPS)
In 2009 he received from the 'International Investigative Interviewing Research Group' the “Senior Academic Award” for his “significant lifetime contribution to the field of investigative interviewing”.
In 2008 he received from the European Association of Psychology and Law an “Award for Life-time Contribution to Psychology and Law”.
In 2008 he received from the British Psychological Society the “Award for Distinguished Contributions to Academic Knowledge in Forensic Psychology”.
In 2005 he received a Commendation from the London Metropolitan Police for “Innovation and professionalism whilst assisting a complex rape investigation”.
Consultancies etc. (Via Professor Ray Bull & Associates Ltd.)
I have presented workshops/seminars/lectures/conference papers/training in the following countries:
Australia (e.g. at the Western Australia Police Detective School),Belgium, Brazil (e.g., to parts of the national government), Canada (e.g., at the HQ of the Quebec Province Police), China (e.g., at the Beijing Police Academy), Cyprus (e.g., at the National Police Academy), Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (e.g., at an event organized by The Gendarmerie), Germany, Ireland (e.g,. at the National Police Training School), Italy, Jamaica (e.g., to the Independent Commission of Investigations), Japan, Kenya, South Korea (e.g., at the National Detective Academy), Malaysia (e.g., at the National Police Academy), Mauritius (at the National Police Academy), Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand (e.g., at various detective training sites), Norway (e.g., at the National Police University), Pakistan (e.g., to terrorism investigators), Peru, Poland (e.g., at the National Academy for Border Guards), Portugal, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Africa (e.g., to the Police Behavioural Science Branch), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan (at the National Police University), Thailand (to the Royal Thai Police), USA (e.g., to the ‘HIG’ initiative), Zambia.
I have been asked to write ‘Expert’ reports in around 150 case and have testified in courts on over 40 occasions. Among the cases/inquiries that I have been involved in are ‘The Lockerbie Inquiry/Bombing of flight Panam 103’ for The Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission; ‘The Litvinenko Inquiry’; ‘The Longcare Inquiry’.
In October 2017 I was appointed an ‘Assessor’ for the new National Dutch Register of Expert Witnesses (Nederlands Register Gerechtelik Deskundigen).
In June 2017 I was invited by the United Nations to New York to explain “…the psychological principles underlying the ‘PEACE’ method of Investigative Interviewing that [I helped create in the early 1990s], to describe our research on its effectiveness, and to explain why I advocate for the adoption of this model by law enforcement officials”.
In 2015 I was commissioned by a large police organization to write a review of research relevant to how and when police who witness a fatal shooting should recall.
In 2009 the National Policing Improvement Agency added my name to its ‘Expert Advisers Database’.
In 2006 I was invited by the Association of Chief Police Officers to be a member of the ‘Approval Panel’ for the selection of experienced police officers for the role of ‘Interview Advisors’ (i.e. those who advise other police officers how to interview in certain serious cases).
In 2004/5 I led a small team commissioned by the Scottish Executive to write guidance documents on the taking of evidence on commission and on the use of a supporter for vulnerable witness testimony.
In 2004/5 I was invited by the Judicial Studies Committee in Scotland to present to groups of judges an overview of research on the questioning of witnesses in court and to co-present one-day workshops for judges who are wishing to improve their skills on questioning children.
In 2003 I was asked by the ‘Home Office’ (i.e. the relevant government ministry)to review the relevant literature and contribute to guidance on how best to conduct voice parades/line-ups.
During 2002/3 I led a small team commissioned by the Government in England and Wales to produce an extensive training pack on the interviewing of vulnerable witnesses including children.
In 2002 I lead a small team commissioned by Qineteq to write a review of the psychological literature and to make suggestions relevant to trying to detect those planning to disrupt air flights.
In 2001 I was part of a small team commissioned by the Home Office to write major parts of the 2002 Government document “Achieving Best EvidenceIn Criminal Proceedings: Guidance For Vulnerable And Intimidated Witnesses, Including Children”.
In 1992 I wrote for the Crown Office in Scotland a training booklet for Procurators Fiscal on the interviewing of mentally handicapped witnesses.
In 1991 I was commissioned by the Home Office to co-author the first working draft code of the 1992 Government document “Memorandum of Good Practice on Video Recorded Interviews with Child Witnesses for Criminal Proceedings”.
In 1990/91 I was involved in the development of the ‘PEACE’ method of investigative interviewing.
Employment and Qualifications
01/11/12 to date Professor of Criminal Investigation, University of Derby (part time)
01/10/12 to date Emeritus Professor of Forensic Psychology, University of Leicester
01/02/04 to 30/09/12 Professor of Forensic Psychology, University of Leicester.
2011 Registered Forensic Psychologist with the Health and Care Professions Council
01/04/90 to 31/01/04Professor of Psychology, University of Portsmouth.
1995Awarded a D.Sc.
01/09/89 to 31/03/90Dean of Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian
University.
01/01/87 to 31/08/89 Head of Department and Professor of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian
University.
1988Became a Chartered Psychologist (C.Psychol.)
1986Principal Lecturer in the Department of Psychology, University of East London.
1985Elected a fellow of the British Psychological Society (FBPsS).
1974 - 1986Senior Lecturer in the Department of Psychology, University of East London
1973 - 1974Lecturer in the Department of Psychology, University of East London
1971 - 1973Research Assistant to Professor R.L.Reid in the Department of Psychology at Exeter University. Working on a Home Office project on memory performance and attitude change in police officers.
1970 - 1971Postgraduate research student in the Department of Psychology at Exeter University working with A. Gale in the area of psychophysiology. M.Sc. awarded for this work in 1973.
1967 - 1970Undergraduate student in the Department of Psychology, ExeterUniversity. B.Sc. awarded in 1970. (President of Psychology Societyand of Hall of Residence.)
Main Publications of R H C BULL
(If you would like copies just let me know the numbers)
245. Cooper, P., Dando, C., Ormerod, T., Mattison, M., Marchant, R. Milne, R., & BULL, R. (In press). One step forward and two steps back? The “20 Principles” for vulnerable witness questioning and the lack of an evidence-based approach to witness evidence.International Journal of Evidence and Proof.
244. Waterhouse, G., Ridley, A., BULL, R., La Rooy, D., & Wilcock, R. (In press). Mapping repeated interviews.Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology.
243. BULL, R, Paulo, R., & Albuquerque, P. (2018). Certainly the cognitive interview is effective.In Dickinson, J., Compo, N., Carol, R., McCauley, M., & Schwartz, B. (Eds.)Evidence-based investigative interviewing.Abingdon: Routledge.
242. Bull, R. (2018). PEACE‐ful interviewing/interrogation: What research can tell us. In K. Shigemasu (Ed.) Diversity in harmony – Insights from psychology. New York: Wiley.
241. Bull, R., & Baker. B. (In press). Obtaining from suspects valid discourse ‘PEACE’-fully: What role for rapport and empathy? In M. Mason and F. Rock (Eds.) The discourse of police interviews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
240. Kim, J., Walsh, D., Bull, R., & Bergstrom, H. (In press). Planning ahead? An exploratory study of South Koreaninvestigators’ beliefs about their planning for investigative interviews of suspects. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology.
239. BULL, R. (In press). Credible accounts: What they are and how to obtain them. Linguistics and the Human Sciences.
238. Paulo, R., Albuquerque, P., Vitorino, F., & BULL, R. (2017). Enhancing the cognitive interview with analternative procedure to witness-compatiblequestioning: category clustering recall. Psychology, Crime and Law, 10,967-982.
237. Minhas, R., Walsh, D., & BULL, R. (2017). An exploration of the perceptions of real-life suspects from the Asian Community relating to police interviewing practices in England. Journal of Policing, Intelligence, and Counter Terrorism, 18,132-145.olice interviewing practices in England
236. Sleath E., & BULL, R. (2017). Police perceptions of rape victims and the impact on case decision making: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 102-112..
235. Minhas, R., Walsh, D., & BULL, R. (2017). Developing a scale tomeasure the presence of possible prejudicial stereotyping in police interviews with suspects:The Minhas Investigative Interviewing Prejudicial Stereotyping Scale (MIIPSS). Police Practice and Research, 18, 132- 145.
234. Leahy-Harland, S., & BULL, R. (2017). Police strategies and suspect responses in real-life serious crime interviews. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 32, 138-151.
233. Areh, I., Walsh, D., & BULL, R. (2016). Police interrogation practice in Slovenia.
Psychology, Crime & Law, 22, 405-419.
232. Davies, G., BULL, R., & Milne, R. (2016). Analysing and improving the testimony of vulnerable witnesses interviewed under the ‘Achieving best evidence’ protocol. In P. Radcliffe, A. Heaton-Armstrong, G. Gudjonsson, and D. Wolchover (Eds.)
Witness testimony in sexual cases. Investigation, law and procedure.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
231. Milne, R., & BULL, R. (2016). Witness interviews and crime investigation. In D. Groome & M. Eysenck (Eds.) An introduction to applied cognitive psychology. Oxon: Routledge.
230. Paulo, R., Albuquerque, P. B., & BULL, R. (2016). Improving the enhanced cognitive interview with a new interview strategy:Category clustering recall. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30,775–784.
229. Paulo, R., Albuquerque, P. B., & BULL, R. (2016). The Enhanced Cognitive Interview: Expressions of uncertainty, motivation and its relation with report accuracy. Psychology, Crime and Law, 22, 366-381.
228. Paulo, R., Albuquerque, P. B., & BULL, R. (2016). Entrevista de Crianças e Adolescentes emContexto Policiale Forense: Uma Perspectiva do Desenvolvimento [Investigative interviewing of children and adolescents: A developmental perspective.]. Psicologia, Reflexão e Crítica, 28,425-433.
227. Tudor-Owen, J., Scott, A., Henry, P., & BULL, R. (2016). An exploratory study of the planning andinterviewing practices of police recruits inWestern Australia. Forensic Update, 120, 20–25.
226. Walsh, D., BULL, R., & Milne, R. (2016). One way or another? Criminal
investigators’ beliefs regarding the disclosure of evidence in interviews with suspects in England and Wales. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 31,127-140.
225. Waterhouse, G., Ridley, A., BULL, R., La Rooy, D., & Wilcock, R. (2016). Dynamics of repeated interviews with children. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30,713-721.
224. BULL, R. (2015). The impact of personal expectations and biases in preparing expert testimony. In R. Sternberg and S. Tufts Fiske (Eds.) Ethical principles, case studies, and commentariesfor the behavioral and brain sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.
223. Burrell, A., BULL, R., Bond, J., & Herrington, G. (2015). Testing the impact of group offending on behavioural similarity in serial robbery. Psychology, Crime and Law, 21, 551-569.
222. Clancy, D., & BULL, R. (2015). The effect on mock juror decision making of power of speech within eyewitness testimony and types of scientific evidence. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 22, 425-435.
221. Dando, C., BULL, R., Ormerod, T., & Sandham, A. (2015). Helping to sort the liars from the truth-tellers: The gradual revelation of information during investigative interviews. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20, 114-128.
220. McDougall, A., & BULL, R. (2015). Detecting truth in suspect interviews:
The effect of use of evidence (early andgradual) and time delay on Criteria-Based Content Analysis, RealityMonitoring and inconsistency withinsuspect statements. Psychology, Crime and Law, 21, 514-530.
219. Paulo, R., Albuquerque, P., Saraiva, M.,& BULL, R. (2015). The Enhanced Cognitive Interview: Testing appropriateness perception, memory capacity, and estimate relation with rapport quality. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29, 536-543.
218. Scott, A., Tudor-Owen, J., Pedretti, P., & BULL, R. (2015). How intuitive is PEACE? Newly recruited police officers’ plans, interviews, and self evaluations. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law, 22, 355-367.
217. Sleath E., & BULL, R. (2015). Comparing rape myth acceptance: Differences between psychology students, law students, and police officers.Violence and Victims, 30,136-147.
216. Snook, B., Brooks, D., & BULL, R. (2015). A lesson on interrogations from detainees: predicting self-reported confessions and cooperation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42, 1243- 1260.
215. Walsh, D., & BULL, R. (2015). The association between interview skills, questioning and evidence disclosure strategies, and interview outcomes. Psychology, Crime and Law, 21, 661- 680.
214. BULL, R. (2014). When in interviews to disclose information to suspects and to challenge them? In R. Bull (Ed.) Investigative interviewing. New York: Springer.
213. Chan, S., & BULL, R. (2014). The effect of co-offender planning on verbal deception. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21, 457-464.
212. Smith, L. and BULL, R. (2014). Validation of the factor structure and predictive validity of the Forensic Evidence Evaluation Bias Scale for robbery and sexual assault trial scenarios. Psychology, Crime and Law, 20, 450-466.
211. Smith, L., & BULL, R. (2014). Exploring the disclosure of forensic evidence in police
interviews with suspects. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 29, 81-86.
210. Wilcock, R., & BULL, R. (2014). Improving the performance of older witnesses on identification procedures. In M. Toglia, D. Ross, J. Pozzulo, and E. Pica (Eds.) The elderly eyewitness in court. New York: Psychology Press.
209. BULL, R. (2013). What is ‘believed’ or actually ‘known’ about characteristics that may contribute to being a good/effective interviewer? Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 5, 128-143.
208. Horry, R., Halford, P., Brewer, N., Milne, R., & BULL, R. (2013). Archival analyses of eyewitness identification test outcomes: What can they tell us about eyewitness memory? Law and Human Behavior, 38, 94-108.
207. Lingwood, J., & BULL, R. (2013). Interviewing young adolescent suspects: When to reveal incriminating information? The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 5, 141-146.
206. Paulo, R., Albuquerque, P., & BULL, R. (2013). The Enhanced Cognitive Interview: Towards a better use and understanding of this procedure. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 15, 190–199.
205. Walsh, D., and BULL, R. (2013). The investigation and investigative interviewing of benefit fraud suspects in the UK: Historical and contemporary perspectives. In B. Cooper, D. Griesel, and M. Ternes (Eds.) Applied issues in investigative interviewing, eyewitness memory, and credibility assessment.New York: Springer.
204. Burrell, A., BULL, R., & Bond, J. (2012). Linking personal robbery offences using offender behaviour. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 9, 201-222.
203. Davies, K., Tonkin, M., BULL, R., & Bond, J. (2012). 'The course of case linkage never did run smooth: A new investigation to tackle the behavioural changes in serial car theft'. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 9, 274-295.
202. Holliday, R., Humphries, J., Milne, R., Memon, A., Houlder, L., Lyons, A., & BULL, R. (2012). Reducing misinformation effects in older witnesses with Cognitive Interview mnemonics. Psychology & Aging, 27, 1191-1203.
201. Hunt, L., and BULL, R. (2012). Differentiating genuine and false rape allegations. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19, 682-691.
200. Smith,L. and BULL, R. (2012). Identifying and measuring juror pre-trial bias for forensic evidence: Development and validation of the Forensic Evidence Evaluation Bias Scale. Psychology, Crime and Law, 18, 797-815.
199. Tonkin, M., BULL, R., and Santtila, P. (2012). The linking of burglary crimes using offender behavior: Testing research cross-nationally and exploring methodology. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 17, 276-293. .
198. Tonkin, M., Woodhams, J., BULL, R., & Bond, J. (2012). Behavioural case linkage with solved and unsolved crimes. Forensic Science International, 222, 146-153.
197. Tonkin, M., Woodhams, J., BULL, R., Bond, J., & Santtila, P. (2012). A comparison of logistic regression and classification tree analysis for behavioural case linkage. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 9, 235-258
196. Sleath, E., and BULL, R., (2012). Comparing rape victim and perpetrator blaming in a police officer sample: Difference between specially trained and non-trained officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39,642-661.
195. Walsh, D., and BULL, R. (2012). Examining rapport in investigative interviews with suspects: Does its building and maintenance work? Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 27, 73-84.
194. Walsh, D., and BULL, R. (2012). How do interviewers attempt to overcome suspects’ denials? Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19, 151-168.
193. Woodhams, J., Hollin, C., BULL, R. and Cooke, C. (2012). Behavior displayed by female victims during rapes committed by lone and multiple perpetrators. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 18, 415-452.
192. Brownsell, A., and BULL, R. (2011). Magistrates’ beliefs concerning verbal and non-verbal behaviours as indicators of deception. European Journal of Psychology in Legal Contexts, 3, 29-46.
191. BULL, R. (Ed.) (2011). Forensic psychology – a four volume set of readings. London: Sage.
190. Burrell, A. and BULL, R. (2011). A preliminary examination of crime analysts’ views and experiences of comparative case analysis. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 13, 5-12.
189. Clarke, C., Milne, R., and BULL, R. (2011). Interviewing suspects of crime: The impact of PEACE training, supervision, and the presence of a supervisor. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8, 149-162.
188. Dando, C., and BULL, R. (2011). Maximising opportunities to detect verbal deception: Training police officers to interview tactically. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8, 189-202.
187. Drake, K. and BULL, R. (2011). Individual differences in interrogative suggestibility: Life adversity and field-dependence. Psychology, Crime and Law 17, 677-687.
186. Fisher, R., Milne, R., & BULL, R. (2011). Interviewing cooperative witnesses. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 16-19.
185. Smith, L., BULL, R., and Holliday, R. (2011). Understanding juror perceptions of forensic evidence: Investigating the impact of case context. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56, 409-414.
184. Tonkin, M., Woodhams, J., BULL, R., and Palmer, E. (2011). Linking different types of crime using geographical and temporal proximity. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38,1069-1088.
183. Walsh, D., and BULL, R. (2011). Benefit fraud investigative interviewing: Investigation professionals’ beliefs concerning practice. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8, 189-202.
182. Walsh, D., and BULL, R. (2011). Still giving ‘PEACE’ a chance? An examination of the beliefs, attitudes and perceptions of benefit fraud investigation professionals. Social Psychological Review, 13, 3-18.
181. BULL,R. (2010). The investigative interviewing of children and other vulnerable
witnesses: Psychological research and working/professional practice. Legal and
Criminological Psychology, 15, 5-23.
180. BULL, R. and Soukara, S. (2010). A set of studies of what really happens in police interviews with suspects. In G. D. Lassiter and C. Meissner (Eds.) Interrogations and confessions. Washington: American Psychological Association. This book won the 2010 ‘Book Award’ from the American Psychology-Law Society and the ‘best book in psychology’ award of the Professional/Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers.
179. Walsh, D. and BULL, R. (2010). Interviewing suspects of fraud: An in-depth analysis of interviewing skills. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 38, 99-135.
178. Walsh, D. and BULL, R. (2010). Know your rights?A study comparing fraud investigators approaches to informing suspects of their rights and ensuring they are understood and observed. Cambrian Law Review, 41, 24-39.
177. Walsh, D. and BULL, R. (2010). What really is effective in interviews with suspects? A study comparing interview skills against interview outcomes.Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15, 305-321.
176. Wilcock, R. and BULL, R. (2010). Novel lineup methods for improving the performance of older eyewitnesses. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 718-736.
175. BULL,R., Valentine, T., and Williamson, T. (Eds.) (2009). Handbook of psychology of investigative interviewing. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.