Criminal Justice
Corrections In America An Introduction, 10th Edition
Ch. 2
Figure 2.1 shows data for number of inmates in local, state and federal facilities from 1985-2005 (Data extrapolated to 2005)
Ch. 3
Statistics given in the correctional brief on pg. 47 regarding selective incapacitation
Pg. 49 projected numbers regarding corrections based on a study that was done to examine the effects of recent political policies designed to increase punishment by increasing the probability of an offender’s being arrested, convicted, and imprisoned, and serving longer sentences
Figure 3.1 bar graph “Adults Under Correctional Control: 1980-2005” shows numbers for jail, parole, prison, and probation for each five year period during the given time frame (2005 numbers are estimated)
Ch. 4
Figure 4.1 Funnel showing “Outcomes for Felony Crimes, 2000”
Presentence investigation requires consideration of many factors with a great deal of data that must be collected before decisions can be reached
Judges tend to accept the presentence recommendation at a rate of about 83% for probation and 87% for imprisonment
Factors that create problems in setting prison terms (determinate sentencing, mandatory prison terms, sentencing guidelines, parole guidelines, good-time policies, and emergency crowding provisions) all involve more data collection and calculation and affect the outcome of the process
Federal Truth-in-Sentencing Standard requires Part I violent offenders to serve no less than 85% of their sentence in prison before becoming eligible for release
Figure 4.2 Federal Sentencing Guidelines is a sentencing table given in terms of months based on the crime committed and the criminal history of the offender
Rates of crime go up when the proportion of offenders per 100,000 who are sentenced to prison is raised—raises questions about the continued use of imprisonment to deter crime
Ch. 5
Actions allowed by an appellate court use logical reason and processes (pg. 80); “reversal must proceed from error of law and such error must be substantial” (pg. 84)
Figure 5.1 “Departments and Institutions Under Court Order/Consent Decree” bar graph
Figure 5.2 “Petitions Filed in the U.S. District Courts by State and Federal Prisoners” line graph
Ch. 7
Ten domains listed for Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) that assesses offender risk
Recidivism rates given in figure 7.2 based on the LSI score
This chapter is particularly loaded with statistics such as “Most Serious Offense of Adults on Probation, by Severity of Offense”, “National Survey of Adults on Probation”, “Federal Offenders Under Community Supervision, 1987-1996”, “Special Conditions Imposed on Probationers”, “Probationers Who Have Been Abused”, etc.
All statistics are not just presented but used to foster thoughtful discussion and for students to make conclusions and form opinions of their own based on what they read and draw from the discussions
Ch. 8
For every 100 cases diverted from prison, Florida saved more than $250,000 (using home detention)
“One of the first studies of home detention enforced by electronic monitoring began in 1986 and, by early 1998, it was estimated that there were 1,500 electronic programs and 95,000 monitoring units in use” (pg. 149)
Statistics such as those given in the two examples above are used throughout the chapter; students can examine various options (intermediate sanctions) for handling offenders and discuss their thoughts on effective methods (considering the MANY factors involved)
Ch. 9
Some statistics given in graph, table, or chart format include “Violent Incidents per 1,000 Workers”; “State Prison Population by Offense Type”; “State and Federal Prisoners, 1980-2005”; “Incarceration Rate, 1980-2001”; and “New Institutions Opened, 1994-2002”
This chapter discusses the increase in number of those incarcerated and its ramifications
Ch. 10
Data given in various formats includes “Annual Costs of Prisons in the United States”; “Percentage of Male Inmates in Security Levels, 2000”; “Inmates in State Prisons: 1990-2003”; “Number of Sentenced Male Prisoners Under State or Federal Jurisdiction, 2001, by Race and Age”; “Incarceration Rates of Male Prisoners by Race/Ethnicity in 2001”; “Current Offense of Male Inmates”; “Prisoners in Custody of Correctional Authorities in the U.S. Territories, 2001”; and “Prisoners Under Military Jurisdiction and Branch of Service”
Ch. 11
Data given in various formats includes “Inmates by Security Level” (in Federal Prisons); “Types of Offenses Committed by FBOP Inmates”; “Length of Sentence (number and percent)”; and “Inmates by Citizenship”
Ch. 12
Data given in various formats includes “Types of Treatment Staff in Privately Operated Facilities on January 1,1998”; “Rated Capacities of Private Facilities by Geographical Location”; “The ‘Big Five’ Providers of Private Adult Correctional Facility Capacity”; “Number of Private Facilities by State (2001)”; and “Ten-Year Growth in Rated Capacity of Private Secure Adult Correctional Facilities (to September 2001)”
Ch. 13
Data given in various formats includes “Gender of Wardens and Superintendents of Prison Facilities, 2000 (in percent)”; “Wardens and Superintendents of Correctional Facilities, 2000 (by Race/Ethnicity)”; “Gender of Correctional Officers, 2000 (in percent)”; and “Uniformed Correctional Staff by Race/Ethnicity, 2000 (in percent)”
Ch. 14
Discussion of “backfilling” and what it costs the prison to pay a worker time and a half or double time to work a double shift; also discussion around how this affects the budget overall (pg. 263)
Issues which prison managers must deal with include prison facility architecture, the age of the plant, overcrowding, inmate-to-staff ratios, and budget limitations
Costs of various health and medical services as well as diet and food services are discussed as they pertain to budgeting
Data given in various formats includes “Total Expenditures by Major Category in Texas: FY 1999”; and “Number and Percentages of Mental Health and Counseling Staff on January 1,2000”
Ch. 15
Data given in various formats includes “Female Prisoners in State-Federal Prisons and Local Jails: 1983-2001”; “Female Arrestees: 2000” (number of persons arrested, percentage, distribution); “Arrests of Females by Type of Crime: 2000”; “Types of Sentences Imposed by State Court, Female Felons, 1998”; “Increase in the Number of Females in State Prison Between 1990-2000 by Type of Offense (in number and percent)”; “Crimes Committed by Female Prisoners”; “Prior Abuse Reported by State Inmates and Probationers, 1997”; “Female Prison Inmates, by Classification, 1998”; Vocational Training Programs for Female Prisoners, 1998 in Percent”; “Visitation Privileges for Female Prisoners, 1998 in Percent”; and “Inmate Population Over Age Fifty-Five, 1998-2000”
Ch. 16
Much discussion about the soaring prison population in this chapter, complete with statistics and possible reasons why (baby boomers committing crimes in their early twenties and now their children are growing up and will create another wave of prison population growth)
Trends in our general population can be seen in the prison population as well (another example would be the “graying” of the prison population)
Data given in various formats includes “Sentenced Male Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions in the United States 1920-2001”; “Male Inmates in Adult Institutions, Year 2000”; “Number of Male Jail Inmates: 1990-2004”; “Rate of Imprisonment for Men, 1980-2001”; and “Offenses of Male Prisoners in States, 2000”
Ch. 17
Data given in various formats includes “Adjudicated Delinquency Cases by Disposition”; “Minimum Transfer Age Specified in Statue, 1999”; “Delinquency Cases Judicially Waived to Criminal Court”; “Most Serious Offense for Which Juveniles Were Arrested: 1990-2000”; “Percent of Arrests Involving Juveniles”; and “Juvenile Contribution to the Crime Problem”
Ch. 18
Data given in various formats includes “Number of Reported Female Rapes 1991-2000”; “Forcible Female Rape: 1991-2000”; “Population with Confirmed AIDS: 1995-2000 (in percent)”; “AIDS-Related Deaths in State Prisons: 1991-1999”; and “Number of Inmate Deaths in State Prisons, by Cause, 1995 and 1999”
Ch. 20
Data given in various formats includes “Executions, 1930-2001”; “Support for the Death Penalty When Alternatives Are Presented”; “Death Row Exonerations by Year Total through 2001: 98”; “Percentages of Respondents Favoring Alternatives to the Death Penalty for Juveniles”; and “Size of Death Row: 1968-2000”
Ch. 21
Bar graph “Release of State Inmates” and pie chart “Outcomes of State Parole Discharges in 1999”
Ch. 22
Questions asked at the bottom of pg. 448 in regards to selective incapacitation (“Can we correctly estimate the amount of crime reduction? Can we accurately identify chronic offenders and predict their future behavior? Can we afford the monetary costs of implementing selective incapacitation should it involve massive new detention center construction?…)
Booming prison population has been considered a factor in the following: an increase in the number of offenders placed on probation and parole, an increase in the seriousness and dangerousness of offenses of those placed into traditional community-based supervisions, a heightened demand for community residential treatment facilities to provide transitional placement
Question asked “Is cheaper better?” in regards to community-based corrections programs versus the cost of incarcerating an offender
Bar graph “Outcome Indicators in a Three-Year Period: Ohio Offenders”
Ch. 23
Data provided in various formats includes “Correctional Populations Past and Future”; “Adults Under Correctional Control, 1990-2010 (in percent)”; and “Sentencing Options Ranked by Level of Punishment”
Math Used Throughout Text
Statistics given in various formats (ex: what % of the 930,000 convicted felons in 1998 fell into each of the following categories: state prison, local jail, or probation)
Data presented in various types of charts, tables and graphs; individual examples listed for each chapter
Students are continually asked to use this data presented in various formats for discussion and analytical purposed as well as to form conclusions and opinions of their own
Continued use of logic, if/then statements, etc., much like in other texts for this course