Cornell NotesGuided Notes– “The 13 Colonies”Glue onto Page: ______
Introduction
England’s ______were located on the AtlanticCoast in-between French ______and Spanish ______. The Thirteen Colonies can be divided into three regions. Each region was unique and gave the English a wide variety of opportunities and “personalities.”
New England – Climate, Resources & People
Long ______& rocky soils – Fishing, ______, Trade, and ______– Heavy reliance on the Atlantic Ocean – people relied on ______Farming – produced enough for themselves + a little extra for trading – settlers from England made up the largest groups of the region’s population – John ______, Benjamin ______, ______Rush
African Americans
Slavery wasn’t economical in New England because they weren’t needed for farming. Many slaves worked in houses or were hired out for various jobs. Slaves could eventually save enough money to purchase freedom.
Government
John Winthrop was Massachusetts’ first ______. “The New England Way” was used by Puritans to describe their ______. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – extended ______rights to non-church members & limited the ______power.
Economy
Land was sold to large groups – often Puritan congregations. As a result towns grew in a way that was conducive to trade. Towns usually centered around a “______” – a central square where many public ______took place. Triangular Trade – part of three types of trade NE colonies engaged in – ______, rum exchanged for ______and ______– VERY PROFITABLE. Navigation Acts of 1651 – law passed by the English in an attempt to get a cut out of New England’s wealthy trade. Difficult for the English to enforce. Pirates like ______disrupted colonial shipping.
Social & Religious Changes
Early 1700’s saw many changes to Puritan society – drive for ______success competed w/Puritan ideals – increased competition from other religious groups. Political changes – England granted ______freedom for all ______, not just Puritans.
The Middle Colonies
Shorter ______and more fertile soil – Climate was good for ______& livestock – excellent ports and river systems (New York, NY on the Hudson; Philadelphia, PA on the Delaware) – exported grain, furs, and whale oil and imported manufactured goods – built ships. ______and ______developed and expanded quickly – rivaled the nicest cities of England – both were known for their diversity. Heavy ______influence in the region – German craftsman and artisans created long ______, iron works, glass, ______, and dinnerware.
Government
Proprietors like The Duke of York (______), King Charles II, and William Penn (______) owned most of the land grants – set up colonies to compete with ______– “Penn’s Woods” later grants portion of land to the establishment of the ______colony.
Climate of Tolerance
The wide variety of groups made it difficult for one group to dominate over another. As a result, there was a great deal of ______in the Middle Colonies, EXCEPT towards ______. Some were slaves and some were free. Either way they worked as ______, servants, drivers, sailors, and ______. Racial tensions did exist, especially in NYC. Violence was used by both sides – but African Americans forced into submission.
Climate & Resources
Warm ______& good soil – ideal for plantation crops like ______, rice, corn, and tobacco. As # of ______grew, they became self-sufficient, so very few large ______developed in the South.
The People
“______Class” – became wealthy off of the cash crops they grew – dominated all aspects of Southern life – viewed themselves as nobility – George ______, Thomas ______& George Mason
The Need For Slavery
Plantations had difficulties finding the necessary ______to run a plantation. Many indentured servants were leaving plantations. Turned to ______labor. Africans already established as reliable slaves – so planters started to use them. Kept under control with strict slave ______.
Government
Colonies throughout the ______started for radically different reasons:
______– George Calvert (tobacco production to offset his losses in NE); ______– Ruled by 8 “Lord’s Proprietors” and settled by British colony from Barbados;______– refuge for ______; Virginia – haven for some English ______, and others hoped to make their fortunes
Conclusion