Name ______Period_____
The Axial Skeleton
The Axial Skeleton
· Forms the ______of the body
· Divided into ______
· ______
· ______
· ______
The Skull
· Two sets of bones
o ______– encloses & protects brain
o ______– holds eyes in anterior position & allows the facial muscles to show emotions.
· All but 1 of the bones are joined by ______
· Only the ______is attached by a freely movable joint
The Cranium
· ______– forms ______, brow bone, superior eye orbit
· ______(___) – form most of the ______of the cranium
o Meet in midline = ______
o Meet frontal = ______
· ______(___)– inferior to parietals & join to them at the ______
o Important bone markings found here
§ ______– ______leading to eardrum
§ ______– sharp needle-like projection inferior to external auditory meatus (______for many ______)
§ ______– thin ______that joins w/ the zygomatic (______) bone
§ ______– rough projection posterior & inferior to the external auditory meatus
· ______
· ______
· Close to middle ear & ______
§ ______– junction of occipital & temporal
· Allows for ______
· Largest vein of the head – ______
§ ______– anterior to jugular foramen
· Transmits ______(facial & vestibulocochlear)
§ ______- anterior to jugular foramen
· ______
· ______– most posterior bone of cranium forming ______
o Joins parietals anteriorly at ______
o ______ = large opening in base of the occipitals (______)
§ Lateral to the foramen magnum are rockerlike ______
______which rest on the 1st vertebra
· ______ – butterfly-shaped – spans the width of the skull and forms part of ______
o ______“Turk’s saddle” = small depression on the midline of the sphenoid, holds the ______
o ______= large oval opening in line w/ the posterior end of the sella turcica (allows ______(trigeminal) to pass to ______muscles of mandible
o Parts of the ______form part of the eye orbits
§ 2 important openings:
1. ______ (optic nerve)
2. ______ (cranial nerves 3, 4 & 6 – eye movements)
o Central part of the sphenoid riddled w/ air cavities = ______
· ______– irregularly shaped, anterior to sphenoid – forms ______and ______.
o ______“cock’s comb” = superior ethmoid surface projection – ______
o ______– holey areas on sides of crista galli= ______pass through from nose
o ______– extensions of the ethmoid – form part of ______& ______of air flowing
Facial Bones
*______
*______, only the ______and ______are ______
· ______(___) / maxillary bones – fused to form ______
o Upper teeth carried in the ______
o ______– extensions that form the ______part of the ______
o ______– ______
______, lighten the skull bones, ______as we speak
§ Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
§ ______(infection of sinuses) – can result in ______pain
· ______(___) – posterior to palatine processes of maxillae – form ______part of ______
o ______= failure of these to fuse
· ______(___) – cheek bones – form portion of ______
______
· ______(___) – fingernail sized bones forming part of ______
______
o Groove serves as ______
· ______(___) – small rectangular bones – form ______– lower part of nose made of cartilage
· ______“______” (1) – median line of nasal cavity – forms ______
______
· ______ (___) – thin, ______
______from lateral walls of the nasal cavity
· ______(lower jaw) – largest, ______– ______on each side of face, forming the ______(find them!)
o Horizontal part (body) forms the ______
o 2 upright bars of bone (rami) extend from the body to connect the mandible with the temporal bone.
o ______lie in ______
The Hyoid Bone
· ______
· ______w/ a body and 2 pair of horns (cornua)
· Closely related to mandible and temporal bones
· ______
______
· Suspended in mid–neck region 2 cm above the larynx, ______
______
· Serves as a movable ______& attachment point for neck muscles (lower and raise larynx when we swallow & speak)
The Fetal Skull
· Face small compared to size of cranium (skull is large compared to body length)
· ______
______; newborn is ______
· ______ – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
o Baby’s pulse can be ______spots (explains their name “little fountain”)
o Allow fetal skull to be ______
o Allow infants ______
o Largest fontanels are diamond shaped anterior shaped fontanel and smaller triangular shaped posterior
o ______
______after birth
The Vertebral Column
· Serves as ______of the body
· Extends ______, which it supports, ______, where it transmits the weight of the body to the legs.
· ______connected & ______creating a flexible, curved structure.
· ______runs through central cavity, protected by vertebrae
· ______= ______but ______
______– the ______(5 fused) & the ______(4 fused).
· Each vertebrae is given a ______
______
.
· 24 single vertebrae
o ______vertebrae
o ______vertebrae
o ______vertebrae
· Vertebrae separated by pads of ______– ______discs – ______while ______.
o ______person – discs = ______– ______.
o As you ______– ______– ______
· Can ______.
· Can ______from ______
· ______on ______= ______& excruciating ______
· ______& ______of spine ______to head when we walk or run.
o ______curvatures
· ______regions
· ______
o ______curvatures
· ______curvature appears ______
______
· ______curvature when baby ______
· ______spinal curvatures
o ______- abnormal ______of the spine.
o ______- Abnormal ______of the spine, resulting in ______.
o ______- Abnormal ______of the spine in the ______region.
Vertebrae
· All vertebrae have a similar structural pattern.
o ______: disclike, ______part facing anteriorly.
o ______: formed from the joining of all posterior extensions, the laminae & pedicles.
o ______: ______through which the spinal cord passes.
o ______: 2 lateral projections from the vertebral arch.
o ______: single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch (fused laminae).
o ______
______: ______projections lateral to the vertebral foramen allowing a ______
______.
Cervical Vertebrae
· 7 (______) – form the ______region.
· First 2 – ______– are different because they perform functions not shared by any other cervical vertebrae.
· ______(C1) has ______; the superior surfaces of its transverse processes contain large depressions that ______
______; allows you to nod “______.”
· ______(C2) has a ______(______or ______), which acts as a ______; allows you to indicate “______.”
· C3 through C7 are the smallest, lightest vertebrae
· All transverse processes ______through which ______pass to the brain.
Thoracic Vertebrae
· ____ with body somewhat ______w/ ______
______, which receive the heads of the ribs.
· ______is long & ______(from the side looks like a ______head).
Lumbar Vertebrae
· ___ w/ massive ______& ______(looks like ______head from side).
· ______vertebrae – ______
______.
Sacrum
· Formed by the ______.
· Winglike ______laterally ______forming the ______.
· Forms the ______.
· ______ roughens the posterior midline & are flanked by ______.
· Vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the ______– terminates in large inferior opening called the ______.
Coccyx
· Formed by ______, irregularly shaped vertebrae
· This is the human “______” – a remnant of the tail other vertebrate animals have.
Bony Thorax
· Made-up of three parts
o ______
o ______
o ______
· Often called the “______” b/c it forms a ______
______of slender bones to protect the major organs of the thoracic cavity.
· ______– “breastbone”
o Flat bone that is a result of the ______– the ______
o ______to the ______
o Three important bony landmarks:
1. ______ (concave ______border of the ______) – can be felt easily – generally at ______
2. ______ - where manubrium & body meet - formed at level of ______(reference to locate ______
______ for ______)
3. ______ – body and xiphoid process fuse (level of ______)
o ______used to get bone marrow tissue to ______
· Ribs – ______– form walls of bony thorax
o Articulate w/ vertebral column posteriorly & curve downward toward anterior body surface.
o ______= ______– ______to sternum by ______
o ______= ______– ______
______(______are called “______” b/c they are the ones not attached at all)
o Contrary to popular myth – men & women have the same number of ribs!! J