Contemporary Biology Per. 4

Halliwell/Mortara

Study Guide - Test #9, Chapters 10 and 11

Section 10.1:

Define the following terms:

  1. Evolution: (dictionary)
  1. Evolution: (in biology)
  1. Living diversity:
  1. Adaptation:
  1. Fitness: (modern)
  1. Homologous structure:
  1. Vestigial organ:
  1. Fossil:

Identify the significance of the following people in the shaping of Darwin’s theory:

  1. Charles Lyell
  1. Thomas Malthus

Answer the following questions:

  1. What was the name of the ship Darwin travelled on?
  1. How many years was Darwin’s voyage?
  1. How many species do scientists estimate are on Earth?
  1. How many species have been identified?
  1. What percentage of species that have ever existed have already gone extinct?
  1. How did Darwin use the term “fitness”?
  1. Why are the Galapagos Islands unique?
  1. What peculiar creatures did Darwin find on the Galapagos Islands?
  1. During Darwin’s time, how did people believe the Earth and living things were created?
  1. Give an example of a homologous structure.
  1. Give an example of a vestigial organ.
  1. What did Thomas Malthus believe were limiting factors on human populations?

Section 10.2: Darwin’s Solution

Define the following terms:

  1. Endemic:
  1. Artificial selection:
  1. Natural selection:
  1. Survival of the fittest:
  1. Common descent:

Answer the following questions:

  1. What was the name of Charles Darwin’s book?
  1. How long after Darwin returned from his trip did he publish his book?
  1. What two things did Darwin’s book do?
  1. What did local farmers tell Darwin?
  1. ______is found in nature. (fill in)
  1. High birth rates and a shortage of life’s basic needs forces organisms into a constant ______.

Section 10.3: Darwin’s Revolution

Answer the following questions:

  1. Evolution provides a ______that underlies all of biology – from the ______level of molecular genetics to the ______level of global ecology
  1. The body of scientific knowledge built on the concept of evolution is: ______.
  1. If enough variation exists, and if ______, the species will evolve.
  1. What are two examples of evolution in action?

Section 11.1: Darwin “Meets” DNA

Define the following terms:

  1. Gene shuffling:
  1. Evolutionary fitness:
  1. Adaptation (new definition to include the idea of genetics):
  1. Species:
  1. Reproductive isolation:
  1. Gene pool:

Answer the following questions:

  1. What is the source of the inheritable variation necessary for evolution?
  1. Where does inheritable variation come from?
  1. ______is an important source of variation in nature.
  1. What does natural selection act on?
  1. How many possible genotypes are possible for a trait controlled by a single gene with 2 alleles?
  1. How many phenotypes are possible?
  1. What does polygenic mean?
  1. Sketch the shape of a graph for phenotype distribution of a polygenic trait.

Section 11.2: Natural Selection and Evolution

Define the following terms:

  1. Stabilizing selection:
  1. Directional selection:
  1. Disruptive selection:
  1. Genetic drift:
  1. Speciation:
  1. Gradualism:
  2. Punctuated equilibrium:

Answer the following questions:

  1. What is a harmful mutation, in terms of evolution?
  1. What is a helpful mutation, in terms of evolution?
  1. Label each of the following diagrams:
  1. How does speciation occur in plants and animals?
  1. Label each of the following diagrams: