Common Core Standard

Arizona’s English Language ArtsStandards • 8th Grade • MPS Instructional Support Document

Arizona’s English Language

Arts Standards

Instructional Support Document

Reading, Writing, Speaking & Listening, Language

Eighth Grade

Revised January 2017

Introduction

The Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects (“the Standards”) are the culmination of an extended, broad-based effort to fulfill the charge issued by the states to create the next generation of K–12 standards in order to help ensure that all students are college and career ready in literacy no later than the end of high school.
The present work, led by the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) and the National Governors Association (NGA), builds on the foundation laid by states in their decades-long work on crafting high-quality education standards.
The Standards also draw on the most important international models as well as
research and input from numerous sources, including state departments of education, scholars, assessment developers, professional organizations, / educators from kindergarten through college, and parents, students, and other members of the public. In their design and content, refined through successive drafts and numerous rounds of feedback, the Standards represent a synthesis of the best elements of standards-related work to date and an important advance over that previous work.
As specified by CCSSO and NGA, the Standards are (1) research and evidence based, (2) aligned with college and work expectations, (3) rigorous, and (4) internationally benchmarked. A particular standard was included in the document only when the best available evidence indicated that its mastery was essential for college and career readiness in a twenty-first-century, globally competitive society. The Standards are intended to be a living work: as new and better evidence emerges, the Standards will be revised accordingly.

Key Design Considerations

CCR and grade-specific standards

The CCR standards anchor the document and define general, cross-disciplinary literacy expectations that must be met for students to be prepared to enter college and workforce training programs ready to succeed. The K–12 grade-specific standards define end-of-year expectations and a cumulative progression.

Grade levels for K–8; grade bands for 9–10 and 11–12

The Standards use individual grade levels K-8 to provide useful specificity; the Standards use two-year bands in grades 9–12 to allow schools, districts, and states flexibility in high school course design.

A focus on results rather than means

By emphasizing required achievements, the Standards leave room for teachers, curriculum developers, and states to determine how those goals should be reached and what additional topics should be addressed.

An integrated model of literacy

Although the Standards are divided into Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, and Language strands for conceptual clarity, the processes of communication are closely connected.

Research and media skills blended into the Standards as a whole

The need to conduct research and to produce and consume media is embedded into every aspect of today’s curriculum. In like fashion, research and media skills and understandings are embedded throughout the Standards rather than treated in a separate section.

Shared responsibility for students’ literacy development

The Standards insist that instruction in reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language be a shared responsibility within the school. The grades 6–12 standards are divided into two sections, one for ELA and the other for history/social studies, science, and technical subjects. This division reflects the unique, time-honored place of ELA teachers in developing students’ literacy skills while at the same time recognizing that teachers in other areas must have a role in this development as well.
Focus and coherence in instruction and assessmentWhile the Standards delineate specific expectations in reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language, each standard need not be a separate focus for instruction and assessment. Often, several standards can be addressed by a single rich task.
Distribution of Literary and Informational Passages by Grade
in the 2009 NAEP Reading Framework / Distribution of Communicative Purposes by Grade
in the 2011 NAEP Writing Framework

Grade

Literary

Informational

Grade

To Persuade

To Explain

To Convey Experience

50%

30%

35%

45%

55%

35%

30%

70%

40%

20%

Source: National Assessment Governing Board. (2008). Reading framework for the 2009 National Assessment of Educational Progress. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. / Source: National Assessment Governing Board. (2007). Writing framework for the 2011 National Assessment of Educational Progress, pre-publication edition. Iowa City, IA: ACT, Inc.
The Standards aim to align instruction with this framework so that many more students than at present can meet the requirements of college and career readiness. In accord with NAEP’s growing emphasis on informational texts in the higher grades, the Standards demand that a significant amount of reading of informational texts take place in and outside the ELA classroom. Fulfilling the Standards for 6–12 ELA requires much greater attention to a specific category of informational text—literary nonfiction—than has been traditional. Because the ELA classroom must focus on literature (stories, drama, and poetry) as well as literary nonfiction, a great deal of informational reading in grades 6–12 must take place in other classes if the NAEP assessment framework is to be matched instructionally.1 / NAEP likewise outlines a distribution across the grades of the core purposes and types of student writing. Evidence concerning the demands of college and career readiness gathered during development of the Standards concurs with NAEP’s shifting emphases: standards for grades 9–12 describe writing in all three forms, but, consistent with NAEP, the overwhelming focus of writing throughout high school should be on arguments and informative/explanatory texts.2
______
1The percentages on the table reflect the sum of student reading, not just reading in ELA settings. Teachers of senior English classes, for example, are not required to devote 70 percent of reading to informational texts. Rather, 70 percent of student reading across the grade should be informational.
2As with reading, the percentages in the table reflect the sum of student writing, not just writing in ELA settings.

What Is Not Covered by the Standards

The Standards should be recognized for what they are not as well as what they are. The most important intentional design limitations are as follows:
1. The Standards define what all students are expected to know and be able to do, not how teachers should teach.
2. While the Standards focus on what is most essential, they do not describe all that can or should be taught. The aim of the Standards is to articulate the fundamentals, not to set out an exhaustive list or a set of restrictions that limits what can be taught beyond what is specified herein.
3. The Standards do not define the nature of advanced work for students who meet the Standards prior to the end of high school.
4.The Standards set grade-specific standards but do not define the intervention methods or materials necessary to support students who are well below or well above grade-level expectations. / 5. It is also beyond the scope of the Standards to define the full range of supports appropriate for English language learners and for students with special needs. At the same time, all students must have the opportunity to learn and meet the same high standards if they are to access the knowledge and skills necessary in their post–high school lives.
6. While the ELA and content area literacy components described herein are critical to college and career readiness, they do not define the whole of such readiness.

Four STRANDS of Literacy

1.Reading

Literature (RL)

Key Ideas and Details
Craft and Structure
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity

Informational Text (RI)

Key Ideas and Details
Craft and Structure
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity / 2.Writing
Text Types and Purposes
Production and Distribution of Writing
Research to Build and Present Knowledge
Range of Writing
3.Speaking and Listening (SL)
Comprehension and Collaboration
Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas
4.Language (L)
Conventions of Standard English
Knowledge of Language
Vocabulary Acquisition and Use

Arizona ELA Standard

Stories- Includes the subgenres of adventure stories, historical fiction, mysteries, myths, science fiction, realistic fiction, allegories, parodies, satire, and graphic novels.
Drama- Includes one-act and multi-act plays, both in written form and on film.
Poetry- Includes the subgenres of narrative poems, lyrical poems, free verse poems, sonnets, odes, ballads, and epics.

Source: Common Core State Standards page 57
Key Ideas and Details
Key Ideas and Details
8.RL.1 Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. / Students identify specific instances in text that most strongly support an explicit or inferential analysis of the text.
Students respond to a piece of literature by paraphrasing or quoting directly from the literature to strongly support an analysis or inference drawn from the text in either a formal or informal, written or oral response to literature.
Adapted from the ADE 8th Grade Alignment Document / Formal: essay, literary response, summary, presentation, etc.
Informal: discussion, journal response, etc.
Use questioning strategies to guide analysis. Identify explicit examples and draw inferences to support the analysis of the text.
Engage students in discussion, such as Socratic Seminar to support analysis.
Utilize grouping strategies, such as Think-Pair-Share to support analysis.
Read the poem “Oranges” by Gary Soto and cite evidence from the poem to support analysis.

Arizona ELA Standard

/ MPS Examples for Support /Clarification / MPS Examples/Ideas
(Includes examples and suggestions, but is NOT required curriculum and my not fulfill the standard in its entirety.)
Reading Standards for Literature
Key Ideas and Details
8.RL.2 Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to the characters, setting, and plot; provide an objective summary of the text. / Students identify theme or central idea as an underlying message an author conveys in a piece of writing and follow it through an entire text.
Students infer theme or central idea by connecting relationships among setting, characters, and plot.
Students explain the connecting relationships among these elements.
Students formulate an objective summary of the theme or central idea as evidenced by character relationships, setting, and plot development.
Students justify how the theme or central idea affects or changes the characters and plot.
Adapted from the ADE 8th Grade Alignment Document / Summarize the development of the morality of Tom Sawyer in Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and analyze its connection to themes of accountability and authenticity by noting how it is conveyed through characters, setting, and plot.
From Appendix B
Read “Black Ships before Troy: The Story of the Iliad” and determine the relationship between theme and characters (Paris, Odysseus, and Achilles); theme and setting (Troy); and plot (Trojan War) and theme.
Use Plot Diagram to summarize the story and connect events in the story to theme.
Key Ideas and Details
8.RL.3 Analyze how particular lines of dialogue or incidents in a story or drama propel the action, reveal aspects of a character, or provoke a decision. / Students justify how dialogue or particular incidents advance the plot.
Students analyze how dialogue and/or events reveal character traits or incite decisions.
Adapted from the ADE 8th Grade Alignment Document / Complete a chart or graphic organizer showing relationships as stated in the standard (i.e., give students a list of character traits and have them find dialogue and/or events that reveal these traits).
Determine which lines of a play change the character, plot, or ending of the play (i.e., in The Diary of Anne Frank, when did Anne Frank’s feelings toward Peter change?).

Arizona ELA Standard

/ MPS Examples for Support /Clarification / MPS Examples/Ideas
(Includes examples and suggestions, but is NOT required curriculum and my not fulfill the standard in its entirety.)
Reading Standards for Literature
Craft and Structure
Craft and Structure
8.RL.4 Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, including analogies or allusions to other texts. / Students identify and interpret figurative language and connotative meaning of words as they are used in a text.
Students analyze the impact of specific words on an author’s meaning/purpose and tone.
Students identify and analyze allusions in text.
Students identify, analyze, and interpret analogies in text.
Adapted from the ADE 8th Grade Alignment Document / Use graphic organizers, such as a T-chart, to compare denotative and connotative meanings of specific words identified in the text.
Analyze Walt Whitman’s “O Captain! My Captain!” to uncover the poem’s analogies and allusions. Then analyze the impact of specific word choices by Whitman, such as rack and grim, and determine how they contribute to the overall meaning and tone of the poem.
From Appendix B
Analyze the connotative meanings of the nonsensical words in the poem “Jabberwocky.”
Craft and Structure
8.RL.5 Compare and contrast the structure of two or more texts and analyze how the differing structure of each text contributes to its meaning and style. / Students determine the impact of each structure to the meaning and style of each piece.
Students compare and contrast the format or organization of two or more texts and explain how the structure of each affects or enhances the meaning and style.
Students compare/contrast two or more texts to determine the impact of the structure on meaning and style.
Adapted from the ADE 8th Grade Alignment Document / Structure: may include flashback, foreshadowing, subplots, poetry/prose, cliffhangers, dialogue to paragraph ratio, chronological order, etc.
Style: the way a writer uses language (see page 530-532 in Holt Elements of Literature, Second Course).
Compare and contrast the structure of the play, The Diary of Anne Frank, and actual diary excerpts (i.e., the diary is more personal, reflective, and descriptive – as opposed to the play, which includes dialogue, action, and stage directions).
Compare and contrast “Paul Revere’s Ride,” by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow with another account of the event.
Compare and contrast Virginia Hamilton’s short story “The People Could Fly” with Langston Hughes’ poem “I, Too, Sing America” to determine the impact of structure on meaning and style.

Arizona ELA Standard

/ MPS Examples for Support /Clarification / MPS Examples/Ideas
(Includes examples and suggestions, but is NOT required curriculum and my not fulfill the standard in its entirety.)
Reading Standards for Literature
Craft and Structure
Craft and Structure
8.RL.6 Analyze how differences in the points of view of the characters and the audience or reader (e.g., created through the use of dramatic irony) create such effects as suspense or humor. / Students describe how the author uses points of view (perspectives) through literary devices (dramatic irony, verbal irony, aside, monologue, soliloquy, stage directions, etc.) to convey thoughts or feelings between the character(s) and the audience or reader.
Students explain how differing points of view (perspectives) in a text by characters or by an audience or reader can create such effects as suspense or humor.
Adapted from the ADE 8th Grade Alignment Document / Explain how and why characters within a text experience and perceive an event differently.
Explain how the authors of The Diary of Anne Frank use dramatic irony and how the audience is affected by this knowledge.
Compare “The Landlady” to “The Tell-Tale Heart.”
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
8.RL.7 Analyze the extent to which a filmed or live production of a story or drama stays faithful to or departs from the text or script, evaluating the choices made by the director or actors. / Students compare and contrast elements (plot, characterization, theme, tone, mood, setting) of the text and the film or live production.
Students analyze how the filmed or live production of the text or script is faithful or not faithful to the text.
Students justify choices made by directors or actors to either stay faithful to or depart from the script.
Adapted from the ADE 8th Grade Alignment Document / View a dramatic portrayal of a historical event or character to analyze the extent to which it stays faithful to or departs from the historical accuracy of the event or character and evaluate the choices made by the director or actors of the dramatic portrayal.