Timeline Correlated with PEPS
If not highlighted, know it; if italicized, know it for sure; if bold, know it or else!!!
Notes: 1.In some cases the years are not exactly in order. This is due to the organization of the master set of PEPS which is organized only generally and not precisely according to chronology. This timeline follows the master PEPS organization so that a student can find the original with greater ease.
2.Some abbreviations: A.G.=Attorney General; BART=Banks, Internal Improvements, Tariff; cf.=compare; CMEN=Chesapeake, Embargo, Non-Intercourse, Macon’s Bill #2; E.O.=Executive Order; CSA=Confederate States of America; LAFS=Laborers, Artisans, Farmers, Shopkeepers; PAW=Prohibition,Abolition,Women’s Rights; ROB the COW=Rye, Oats, Barley, Corn, Wheat, Cows (beef, pork); TRICS=Tobacco, Rice, Indigo, Cotton, Sugar; WART.COM+noE+noJ=Congress under Articles can’t declare war, tax, ensure domestic tranquility, regulate commerce and there is no executive or judicial; VEEP=Vice President
DATE / NAME OF PEP / WORDS THAT HELP RECALLColonial History to 1776
1492 / Columbian Exchange / Interaction between old and new worlds (smallpox to new; potato to old; etc.)
1500s / Iroquois Confederation / Powerful force going into decline (generally side with British against French)
1607 / Jamestown / First permanent English settlement (look for gold; starve 1609-10; find tobacco)
1608 / Quebec / French Canada founded (less settled; more trade oriented; Catholic)
c. 1609 / Santa Fe / Spanish settle in southwest (NM)
1620 / Plymouth Settlement / Separatists-Mayflower Compact (agree to obey all “just and equal laws”)
1630 / Puritans / Boston-Affluent-Congregational-Families-intolerant (Williams, Hutchinson)
1624 / New Amsterdam / Dutch settle what became New York
1681 / Pennsylvania / Penn grant from King-protect Quakers (pacifist influence here)
to 1763 / Mercantilism (theory) / Eng/Britain gets raw; colony gets finished; keep other nations out of trading loop
to 1763 / Mercantilism (practice) / Navigation and trade acts (e.g., Molasses Act 1733 = 6p/gal not to be paid)
17th/18th c. / Salutary neglect / Eng/Britain lax enforcement of nav/trade acts
1662 / Half Way Covenant / OK to baptize kids of unconverted parents (signals erosion of earlier church power)
1686-89 / Dominion of New England / Andros consolidates NE colonies—colonies resent—Dominion collapses
17th c. / Indentured Servitude / Most immigrants to 1670s were indentured for about 7 years
17th/18th c. / Agricultural developments / South = TRICS; Chesapeake (VA/MD) = T; Middle = ROB the COW
17th/18th c. / Northern Merchants / Northern colonies = merchants, traders, shipbuilding, fishing, finance, slave trade
1624, 1691 / VA and Mass become royal / Crown takes VA in 1624; Crown takes Mass in 1691
1660s on / Emergence of Slavery / VA leads way with 1662 law saying child retains condition of mother
17th/18th c. / Role of cities / Colonial cities = centers of essentially agrarian society
17th/18th c. / Role of women / Fully ½ of marriage partnership; raise kids; farm as needed; make candles, soap
17th/18th c. / Married women’s rights / Fully subordinate to husband; no property rights in marriage
1676 / Bacon’s Rebellion / Frontier poor protest Berkeley policies; Gov. Berkeley crushes rebellion
1680 / Pueblo Revolt / Popé successfully leads revolt against Spanish in Santa Fe.
1739 / Stono Rebellion / 50 SC slaves rebel; crushed; harsher slave codes enacted (no meetings; no read)
1689-91 / Leisler’s Rebellion / Leisler overthrows Andros in NY; resists new British govt.; is hanged
18th c. / Scots-Irish / Independent, tough, anti-king, anti-Anglican, frontier/backwoods people
17th/18th c. / Triangular Trade / Goods from Europe to Africa; Slaves to colonies; rum/raw materials to Europe
17th/18th c. / Religious diversity / Congregationalist = North; Quaker, Catholic, Meth, Pres = Middle; Anglican = So.
1730s/40s / Great Awakening / 1st mass movement causes decline in authority of existing church as people convert
18th c. / Deism / God is nothing but cosmic watchmaker who does not actively intervene in world
1734-35 / John Peter Zenger / Free speech case; Zenger is acquitted (not guilty) on libel charge
1754-63 / French and Indian War / War for empire between Britain and France; French lose; Brits need to raise money
1763 / Treaty of Paris / Ends Fr. and Indian War; Britain gets all to Mississippi (Spain west of Mississippi)
1763-64 / Imperial Reorganization / Acts of Britain to manage empire and pay war debts
1763 / Proclamation Line / Indian threat (Pontiac-1763) causes king to say no settlers beyond Appalachians
1764 / Currency Act / Colonists can’t use paper money to pay debts; colonists don’t have gold; big pain
1764 / Sugar Act / Brit needs money; reduces tariff on foreign molasses from 6p to 3p/gallon = TAX
1765 / Stamp Act / Direct tax on some colonial paper; colonies = no tax w/o rep; and can’t be rep!!!
1766 / Declaratory Act / Stamp Act repealed but this act says Parliament can bind colonies in all cases
1760s on / Virtual Representation / Members of Parliament represent all British citizens, even those who can’t vote
1767 / Townshend Acts / Tariffs for revenue on glass, lead, paint, paper, tea opposed by colonies
1773 / Boston Tea Party / Sons of Liberty toss tea into BostonHarbor
1772-74 / Committees of Correspondence / Sam Adams organizes first; communications fostered among towns, and then among colonies; used to promote opposition to British policies
1774 / Quebec Act / Extends Quebec down to Ohio; colonists resented
1774 / Coercive Acts (CA) / 4 acts described below designed to bring colonies into compliance after tea party
1774 / Massachusetts Govt. Act CA1 / Must get governor’s approval to have meetings; governor’s council now appointive
1774 / BostonPort Act CA2 / Closes port of Boston until tea paid for; cripples Boston trade
1774 / Admin. of Justice Act CA3 / Royal officials can be tried in England for crimes committed in Massachusetts
1774 / Quartering Act CA4 / Troops can now be housed in occupied houses, including homes
The American Revolution 1776-1783
The three PEPS in bold below are the “philosophy of the American Revolution”—know these three well
1690 / John Locke / Life, liberty, property = natural rights; abolish govt. that is destructive of these
18th c. / Popular sovereignty / Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau = people are source of all government power
18th c. / Small, limited government / Government does only what sovereign people tell it to do
1774 / 1st Continental Congress / Called to respond to Coercive Acts
1775-81 / 2nd Continental Congress / Fights war; calls for Articles
1781-88 / Congress under Art of Confed / Congress under Articles wins war/passes land ordinances;WART.COM noE/no J
7-4-76 / Declaration of Independence / Colonies declare independence from Great Britain over year after war starts
1777 / Saratoga-battle / Great U.S. victory—leads to Franco-American alliance in 1778
1775-83 / Revolutionary War diplomacy / French ally with U.S.; provide troops, supplies, ships; French aid essential
1775-83 / Loyalists (“Tories” in U.S.) / Mistreated within colonies; U.S. breaks ’83 treaty promise to restore property
1783 / Treaty of Paris / Britain recognizes U.S. sovereignty; war over; U.S. wins
The Articles of Confederation and
Constitution-Making 1776-1788
1776-1781 / State Constitution making / Former colonies draft constitutions republican in form, with bills of rights
1781-88 / Articles of Confederation / U.S. organizing document; WART.COM + no E = no J
1785 / Land Ordinance / Survey western lands; 36 sq. mile townships; one section for education; great law
1787 / Northwest Ordinance / Up to five state to come out of northwest territory; no slavery; fug. slave provision
1786-87 / Shays Rebellion / Farmers west. Mass rebel; put down by Mass. Militia; shows weakness of Articles
1787 / Great Compromise / Senate = 2/state; House representation based on population of state
1787 / 3/5 compromise / For taxes and house representation, 3/5ths of slaves can be counted
1787 / “Electoral College” / States choose electors who vote for president and vice president
1787-88 / Federalists v. Anti-Federalists / Feds support ratification; anti-feds oppose ratification (too strong govt/no bill of r.)
1787-88 / The Federalist / 85 essays; Hamilton, Madison, Jay; support ratification of Constitution
1791 / Bill of Rights / 1st ten amendments protects freedoms of speech, religion, life, liberty, property
Early National History 1789-1824
1790 / Ham: Public Credit #1 / Fund national debt at par; assume state debts; good for speculators and rich
1790 / Ham: Public Credit #2 / Calls for BUS the BA in BART (Congress accepts); 1st BUS runs from 1791-1811
1791 / Ham: Report on Manufact. / Calls for the R and T in BART (Congress doesn’t accept)
1790s / Jefferson v. Hamilton / Strict v. Loose construction = origins of first party system
1776 / Republican motherhood / Educated moms must teach civic virtue to sons in a republic based on pop. sov.
1793 / Washington’s neutrality procl. / Wash. wants to stay out of French Revolutionary war; isolationism
1793 / Cotton Gin / Eli Whitney invents; revolutionizes cotton processing; demand for slaves increases
1798 / Interchangeable parts / Eli Whitney invents process with muskets; begins mass production capability
1794 / Whiskey Rebellion / Washington crushes western Penn. rebels opposed to tax on whiskey
1794/95 / Jay Treaty / Avoids war with Britain; Britain finally gets out of west. forts; Brit. pays damages
1795 / Pinckney Treaty / Spain grants free navigation of Mississippi; good deal that follows Jay treaty
1795 / Treaty of Greenville / After Fallen Timbers (Gen. Wayne), Miamis cede vast tract in Ohio valley to U.S.
1798 / XYZ Affair / U.S. refuses to pay bribe to talk with French; ignites war fever in U.S.
1798-1800 / Undeclared war with France / U.S.-France seizing ships; near to full war; Convention of 1800 defuses issue
1798 /
Alien & Sedition Acts
/ Sedition act punishes Jeffersonians for speaking out against Adams; bad law1798-1799 /
VA & KY Resolutions
/ Responding to Sedition act, Mad/Jeff assert right of a state to nullify federal law1792-1831 / Slave revolts / Fears cause states to adopt laws restricting communications, learning, travel
1800 / Convention of 1800 / U.S.-France cancel 1778 alliance; peace not war here
1800 / Election of 1800 / “Revolution” of 1800 causes peaceful transfer of power from Feds to Jefferson
1801-09 / Significance of Jeff Presidency / Strict in theory, loose in practice (e.g., Louisiana); did not attack Hamilton’s BUS
1803 / Louisiana Purchase by Jeff / U.S. doubles in size for $15 million; New Orleans belongs to U.S.
1804-06 / Lewis and Clark Expedition / Great exploration of Louisiana; promotes nationalism and pride
1803 / Marbury vs. Madison / Principle of judicial review established (articulated by Hamilton in Federalist #78)
early 1800s / Aaron Burr / Jeff’s VEEP kills Hamilton; organizes conspiracy in southwest; tried for treason
1801-05 / War with Tripoli / A reluctant Jefferson beats Tripoli who wanted tribute to allow U.S. ships to sail
1807 / U.S.S. Chesapeake / British, looking for deserters, attack U.S. warship; almost leads to war
1807-09 / Jefferson’s neutrality / Following Chesapeake affair, Jefferson approves embargo then nonintercourse
early 1800s /
Impressment
/ British seize men (including U.S. citizens) to serve in Royal navy; U.S. hates this1807 / Embargo / Congress/Jeff order no trade whatsoever with Europe; cripples U.S. commerce
1809 / Non-Intercourse Act / Embargo repealed in favor of no trade with Britain and France
1810 / Macon’s Bill #2 / Trade OK with Brit/Fr; if one stop offenses, embargo will be put on the other
1812-15 / War of 1812 causes / CMEN + warhawks = cause
early 1800s / Tecumseh / Shawnee chief; forces defeated at Tippecanoe/1811; killed at Thames/1813
1794-1823 / U.S. foreign policy / European distresses = American successes, from ’95 Greenville to ’23 Monroe Doc
1-8-15 / Battle of New Orleans / After Treaty of Ghent, Jackson beats British and becomes national hero
1814-15 / Hartford Convention / Anti-war Federalists oppose Madison; Federalist Party dies at Hartford
1815 / War of 1812 consequences / BART called for; era of good feelings and one-party rule; Clay’s Amer. System
1800 on / Nationalism emerges / Judicial (Marshall decisions); economic (BART); cultural (BIC and HR School)
1816 / Tariff / 1st tariff for protective purposes (infant manufacturing spawned by War of 1812)
c. 1824 / American System/Henry Clay / Clay supported BART; the So and West benefit too with R carrying stuff to market
1817-25 / Era of Good Feelings / Monroe’s terms; one-party; but Panic of 1819 and conflicts over BART occurred
1817 / American Colonization Society / Let’s free the slaves and move them to Africa; Liberia created on African coast
1818 /
Convention of 1818
/ Joint occupation of Oregon; sets Louisiana boundary from Lake of Woods to Rock.1819 / Panic of 1819 / Speculation in western lands sparks unemployment, bank failures, debtors’ prison
1819 / McCulloch v. Maryland / MD tax law struck down; federal supremacy here; necessary and proper here too
1819 / Adams-Onis Treaty / Spain cedes Florida and gives up vague Oregon claim; So. border Louisiana fixed
1820 / Missouri Compromise / MO slave; ME free; no slavery in LA territory above 36°30' north latitude
1823 / Monroe Doctrine / Europe/American continents different, so nonintervention/noncolonization needed
Age of Jackson, 1824-48
1820s / Texas / Austin gets Mexican land grant; Americans settle; conflicts arise1820s-30s / Lowell System / NE farmgirls work in company factories and live in company housing
1832 / Anti-Masonic Party / 1st 3rd party; anti-Mason, anti-Jackson
early 1800s / Expansion of Suffrage / States drop property quals to vote; contributes to Jackson “Era of Common Man”
1828-48 / Jacksonian Democracy / Expand votes/ appeal to LAFS; hate monopoly; start spoils; hurt Indians
1832-35 / Bank War / Jackson attacks 2nd BUS as monopolistic monster; success creates $ instability
1836 / Specie Circular / Jackson says you must use gold/silver to buy western lands; paper can’t be used
1830-39 / Indian Removal / Jackson OKs Indian Removal in ’30; tribes move; Cherokee Trail of Tears ’38-‘39
1828 on / Spoils system / Jackson thinks govt work easy; gives govt jobs to friends and cronies; bad system
1840 on / Second Party System / Democrats and Whigs form second party system; Whigs strongly pro-BART +
1830 / Maysville Road veto / Jackson vetoes funds for highway in KY because it’s only in KY (blow to BART)
1830 / Webster-Hayne debate / Webster: constitution=supreme law of land; Hayne: U.S.= compact among states
1828-33 / Nullification Crisis / SC nullifies tariff of ’32; nullification theory = states are sovereign
1832 / Worcester v. Georgia / USSC says only feds, not states, can regulate Indian affairs; federal supremacy
1835 / Democracy in America / Tocqueville: Africans and Indians lose in U.S.; women do better than in Europe
1837 / Panic of 1837 / Speculation led to panic; Jacksonians call for independent treasury
1840 / Independent Treasury / Put fed. $ in independent vaults, not state banks; will stop speculation
1832-52 / Whigs / Elected 2 pres (Harrison ’40; Taylor ’48); BART + moral reforms, public educ.
1828-48 / Jacksonian Democracy (Jackson ‘29-‘37; Van Buren ‘37-‘41; Polk ‘45-‘49) / 1830s: Good: expands vote, handles tariff controversy well; Bad: attack on BUS, Specie circular, Panic of ’37, treatment of Indians
1840s: Good: establishes Independent treasury, gains from Mexican War, settles Oregon; Bad: imperialistic war with Mexico
Transportation Developments in the Early Nineteenth Century
1811-52 / National Road / Public road from MD to IL helps transportation and movement of goods
1825 / Erie Canal / NY builds canal from Buffalo to Albany; west can get goods to market now
1828 on / Railroads / Railroads contribute to national market; major industry in later 1800s
Immigration and Nativism 1840-1850s
1830-1900 / Irish Immigration / Cheap labor; keep Catholicism; prompts nativist reaction; stayed on east coast
1840s on / German Immigration / Wealthier, moved inland, cultural diversity (kindergarten, beer), reformers
1840s-1850s / American (Know-Nothing) Party / Political party reacts against immigrants; anti-German, anti-Irish, anti-Catholic
Religion, Reform, and Renaissance in Antebellum American
1840s on / Cult of Domesticity / A woman’s place=home (artistic, moral are good), but too sensitive for labor
1848 on / Women’s Rights / Denied econ./polit. opportunity and freedom (married/property), women object; women fight for abolition and reforms; Wyoming Terr. grants vote 1869
1845 / Margaret Fuller / Women in the Nineteenth Century is manifesto of women’s rights movement
1848 / Seneca Falls Convention / Stanton, Mott, Declaration of Sentiments modeled on Dec of Ind; demands rights
1820-60 / Education Reform / Horace Mann fights for longer hours, better teachers, improved curriculum
1820s-40s / Second Great Awakening / Finney leads revivals; reforms gain ground (PAW); Meth/Bapt gains are huge
1830s-40s / Mormons / Joseph Smith starts; Brigham Young leads them to Utah
1848-1880 / Oneida Community / Bible communism; complex marriage/selective breeding marginalizes sect
1841-46 / Brook Farm / Transcendentalists lead communitarian lifestyle on 200 acre farm that fails but demonstrates utopian fervor of mid-century idealists
1830s-50s / Transcendentalists / Emerson, Thoreau elevate individual dignity; reformers; self-reliance
1820s on / Hudson RiverSchool / Thomas Cole; romantic landscapes; break from Europe; cultural nationalism
1820s on / KnickerbockerSchool / Bryant, Irving, Cooper=BIC=cultural nationalism
1830s-60s / Abolition / Douglass, Garrison, Truth promote abolition
1850s / Temperance and Prohibition / Neil Dow=prohibition; women fight for temperance
1840s / Criminals and the insane / Dorothea Dix fights for humane treatment of mentally ill
Territorial Expansion and Manifest Destiny
1840s-50s / Manifest Destiny / God ordained U.S. to take all to Pacific, then in ‘50s reach into Latin America
1836-45 / Texas / Alamo (’36) leads to independence; slavery issue keeps TX out of U.S. until 1845
1846 / Oregon / Polk/Britain agree to 49th parallel to divide Oregon—good deal for both
1846-48 / Mexican War and Treaty / Polk prompts war; gets all from TX to Pacific; Treaty of Guad.-Hidalgo (2-2-48)
1846 / Wilmot Proviso / PA rep. proposes no slavery in lands taken from Mexico in upcoming war; fails (2)
The Crisis of the Union
1820 / Missouri Compromise / MO slave; ME free; no slavery in LA territory above 36°30' north latitude
1831 on / William Lloyd Garrison / Radical abolitionist; Liberator (1st=1-1-31); Southerners start to defend slavery
1833 / Amer. Anti-Slavery Society / Supports immediate abolition; later for Liberty, Free-Soil, and Republican parties
1800-1860 / Slavery in general / Read the PEP on this one; there is too much info to put here
1837 / Calhoun’s defense of slavery / S.C. Senator Calhoun argues that slavery is a positive good; blasts North. bosses
1817?-95 /
Frederick Douglass
/ Brilliant orator and writer; most prominent of the black abolitionists1840s-1850s / Popular Sovereignty / Right of the people in territories to vote to have slavery or no slavery
1850 / Compromise of 1850 / CA=free; no slave trade in D.C.; NM/UT terr.=pop.sov.; strong fug. slave act
1850 / Fugitive Slave Act / Part of Comp. of ’50; NO=personal liberty laws ; resentment in NO and SO
1852 / Uncle Tom’s Cabin / Enflamed passions in both NO and SO; written in response to Fug. Slave Act
1853 /
Gadsden Purchase
/ Part of Mexico (now AZ/NM) for $10 mill.; to build southern railroad1854 / Kansas-Nebraska Act / Remainder of LA terr.=pop.sov.; KS and NE terr. formed; free-soilers enraged
1854 on / Republican Party / NO based party; for BART and no slavery in territories; higher educ; homesteads
1857 / Dred Scott decision / Slaves can’t sue; MO Comp.=unconst.; free blacks can’t be citizens; bad decison