Christianity, Feudalism, and Manorialism
The attacks from the
Roman religion provided little
The Christian faith offered
The triumph of Christianity within the Roman Empire was
Carpe diem
Christianity was born into a world alive
Martyrs testified for their faith with their lives.
Theologians
Characteristics of Christianity
This new religion hardly looked “religious.”
Christians had no
Some pagans accused Christians of being
All the first Christians had been
Judaism and the Empire
In 6 A.D., Augustus made Judea a Roman Province.
Jewish War
Jewish Factions
Three principle factions (groups) arose in Jewish society each
The Sadducees were composed of
The Pharisees were composed of
The Essenes were
The Essenes are most famous as the authors of
The Origins of Christianity
Jesus as a Teacher
At around age thirty
Jesus declared that when God rules
Jesus’ Death
High priests in Jerusalem accused Jesus
Pontius Pilate washed his hands to make himself innocent of Jesus’ blood and
Soon after the ascension, Jesus’ apostles began to establish churches for worship, fellowship, and instruction.
The Spread of Christianity
Paul and His Mission
Saul of Tarsus
As a result of this vision
He is better known as
Paul taught Christians to regard themselves as
He was executed in Rome in 62 A.D.
Persecutions
The Romans asked that reverence be shown on official occasions to the
Nero
From 303-313 A.D. persecution intensified.
The persecution also created a list of venerated martyrs
“The blood of the martyr became the seed of the church.”
Reasons for the Spread of Christianity
Followers of the “mystery cults” found Christian beliefs and practices familiar enough to convert easily to the new faith.
The persecutions united them together and
The church was eventually officially recognized
An Emperor becomes the Church’s Patron
In 312, Constantine was battling a rival for supremacy in Italy. Battle of Milvian Bridge
“In this sign you shall conquer.”
Edict of Milan
Just before his death, Constantine was baptized.
Theodosius made Christianity
Christianity and Roman Law
Constantine and his successors gave
Constantine repealed
Battles Within Christianity
Heretics
Heresies caused the early church to redefine its positions
Orthodox theologians of the second century defined
The church also declared that the era of
The Government of the Church
During the first century, the terms deacon, bishop, and elder appear in church language.
Bishops gained the right to
Bishops in Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch
The Bishop of Rome became the head of
Pope
Arius
In 311 A.D
Constantine summoned a council of the church to meet at Nicaea
Nicene Creed declared that
The Fathers of the Church
Some of the most influential leaders of the early church lived in the late 300s A.D.
Ambrose (340-397) was the Bishop of Milan.
His most important doctrine
In 390 Ambrose excommunicated the emperor Theodosius for
Popes of later centuries who struggled with leaders of nations owed much of their power to Ambrose.
Jerome (340-420) was a learned priest who
Vulgate version
Augustine (354-430) became the most important of the Church Fathers.
He is one of the authors of the idea of predestination
He urged all Christians to a life of
Confessions
The City of God
The Rise of the Middle Ages
Invasions Triggered Changes
Repeated barbarian invasions
As the centers of trade and government collapsed,
In this new civilization in the west, there were no
Assimilation and Synthesis
The shattering of the Roman world and its lifestyle by the barbarian invasions released the forces of creative energy.
double process of assimilation and synthesis
Mediterranean world became divided into three areas:
The Bible Translated Into Gothic
The conversion of the Germanic barbarians to Christianity
Ulfilia brought the Arian version of Christianity to
Two other European groups converted to Christianity:
The Celts migrated from
After Caesar’s conquest of Gaul, they retained
Anglo-Saxons
The Anglo-Saxons originally dwelt
The conquest was completed by
Franks
The Franks were the most successful of the invading Teutonic peoples.
Each group or tribe was ruled by its own chieftain and pursued its own course of migration and settlement.
Merovingian Dynasty
The Dark Ages
Mediaeval man’s first goal was
The church remained as the
The Time Period of the Middle-Ages 500-1500 A.D.
The decline of Rome and the barbarian invasions created three basic problems for European man, and created solutions for these problems: 1)
Soultion:
2)
Solution:
3)
Solution:
Major Kingdoms out of the Many
Two of the groups of peoples of Europe organized into powerful kingdoms:
The Kingdom of the Franks
The Franks helped
The Merovingian Kingdom 481-751 A.D.
This kingdom, initiated by Clovis I, presided over the synthesis of Roman and Germanic societies.
One of the reasons Clovis succeeded in becoming sole ruler of Gaul was
His capital was at
Decline of the Merovingians
Clovis died in 511 A.D.
“Do-nothing Kings”
To resolve disputes over land, the Merovingians relied primarily on Mayor of the palace
Pepin of Landen
Pepin II of Heristal
He retained the title of Mayor but exercised the powers of King
He is called the second founder of the Frankish Kingdom.
Charles Martel “The Hammer” 714-741 A.D.
He was said to be
He created an army of mounted warriors
Battle of Tours
lay investiture
Pepin III (The Short) 741-761
Pepin continued the policies of his father
In 751 Frankish nobles declared
Pepin sent a delegation to the Pope asking about the legitimacy of the change and was told by Pope Zacharias
Lombards
Pope Stephen II
“King by the grace of God”
Donation of Pepin
The Carolingian Empire
Charles the Great or Charlemagne
The Frankish kings established
Charlemagne was a large man who
His main ambition was to bring all the German peoples together into one Christian Empire
He suppressed the Bavarians and overcame the Saxons after
He ordered the beheading of
Only one son outlived him
Pepin, Charlemagne, and their descendents
Carolingian Renaissance
At Aachen (German) or Aix-la-Chapelle (French) Charlemagne promoted learning
English Scholar Alcuin
Alcuin’s famous maxim was: “Ye lads whose age is fit for learning, learn! The years go by like running water, waste not the teachable days in idleness.”
Monks labored to make hand written copies of Latin books and
The widespread decline in education had left few persons who could read at all. Poorly educated priests
Around the year 800
Carolingian miniscule
Carolingian scholars also perfected a distinctive language known as medieval Latin.
Death of the Empire of Charlemagne
At his death, Charlemagne left a united and apparently strong empire to his only surviving son Louis the Pious.
Treaty of Verdun in 843
Lothair
Three Positives from the Carolingian Kingdom:
Invasions of the Northmen, Muslims, and Magyars
In the ninth century, Europe was assaulted by these three groups. Rollo the Viking forced Charles the Simple
Feudalism developed out of the chaos of the ninth century
It was a political and military system based on
Its agreements rested on
A vassal is
Both the lord and the vassal came from
Homage
Fealty
A vassal could not refuse
Scutage
The lord could demand
The Lord owed his vassal military protection and material support. Because a lord often had no cash
Prospective knights were rigidly trained
At age 7
At age 14
At age 21
The Accolade
Code of Chivalry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cowardly knights faced
The Fief
The lords gift of land to his vassal was called a fief.
Investiture
Social Classes:
Nobles and knights were
Men and women of the church were
Peasants and Serfs were
The Feudal Hierarchy:
- King:
- Royal Vassals:
- Lesser lords:
- Knights:
Manorialism
The wealth of the Feudal lords came from
A manor was
It included:
1.
2.
3.
The manor became a self-sufficient economic unit.
The manor had three officials:
Christianity, Feudalism, Manorialism Terms
Carpe Diem
Martyr
Edict of Milan
Heretic
Pope
Nicene Creed
Clovis I
Mayor of the Palace
Charlemagne
Donation of Pepin
Alcuin of York
Carolingian miniscule
Vassal
Feudalism
Manorialism
Homage
Fealty
Scutage
Page
Squire
Knight
Accolade
Code of Chivalry
Fief
Serf
Treaty of Verdun
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