Class X
Chemistry
Chemical Reaction and Equation
Objectives:
· Students will learn about the basic concept of chemical reaction and equation.
· They will learn different types of chemical reaction.
· They will understand how to balance a chemical reaction.
· They will learn the concept of Corrosion and rancidity and understand the methods of prevention of corrosion and rancidity.
Topic / DescriptionPhysical change / *In which no new substance is formed.
e.g.
· . Melting of Ice.
· Evaporation of water.
Chemical change / *In which substance lose their identity and nature.
i.e., form a new substance.
e.g.
· Rusting of iron.
· Burning of coke in air.
Chemical reaction / *Involves a chemical change.
*Rearrangement of atoms.
e.g.
· Burning of Mg ribbon in air.
· Zn + H2SO4------>ZnSO4 + H2
Reactant / *Originally taken substance.
Product / *Newly formed substance.
Exothermic reaction / *In which heat is evolved from the system.
*Temperature increases.
e.g.
· ZnSO4 + H2SO4 ------>ZnSO4 + H2 (Reaction mixture become hotter.)
Endothermic reaction / *In which heat is absorbed from the system.
*Temperature falls.s
e.g.
· Ba (OH) 2 + 2NH4Cl------>BaCl2 +2NH4OH (Reaction mixture become colder).
Chemical Equation / *Representation of a reaction in terms of Symbol and formula.
Balanced chemical Equation / *Which involves equal number of atoms of each element on two sides.
Steps Involving in balancing chemical reaction / *Step:
· To Write Word equation.
· Write skeletal equation.
· Enclose the formula in boxes.
· To list the number of atoms of different element on L.H.S. or R.H.S.
· To start balancing of different elements.
· To check the correctness of the balanced equation.
e.g.
· Iron + steam------> Magnetic oxide of iron + Hydrogen
· Fe + H2O ------>Fe3O4 + H2
Balanced equation:
· 3Fe + 4 H2O------>Fe3O4 + 4H2
Thermo chemical Equation / *In which absorbed or released heat is represented.
e.g.
· C(S) + O2 ------>CO2 + 395.4KJ mol-
*Which takes place in the presence of sun light.
e.g.
· H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Catalyst / *Substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being consumed.
Types of Chemical reaction / Types:
· Combination reaction
· Decomposition reaction
· Displacement reaction.
· Double displacement reaction
· Precipitation reaction
· Neutralisation reaction.
· Oxidation -reduction reaction.
Combination reaction / *Two or more element combine together to form a single product.
A +B------>C
· 2Mg + O2 ------>2MgO
· CaO + H2O------>Ca(OH)2
· NH3 + HCl------>NH4Cl
Decomposition reaction / *Single compound breaks down to give two or more simpler substance.
· A------>B + C
Types of Decomposition reaction / Types:
Ø Thermal decomposition
Ø Electrolytic decomposition
Ø Photo decomposition
Thermal decomposition / *In which heat is absorbed.
e.g.
· 2Pb(NO3)2------>2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
· FeSO4.7H2O------>FeSO4 + 7H2O
· 2FeSO4------>Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
(green) (reddish brown)
Electrolysis / *Reaction takes place when current is passed through the compound in molten/solution phase.
e.g.
· 2H2O------>2H2 +O2
Photolysis / *which take place on absorption of light.
e.g.
· 2AgCl------>2Ag + Cl2
(white) (grey)
· 2AgBr------>2Ag + Br2
Ø These reactions are used in black and white photography because photographic film is coated with these salts.
Displacement reaction / *More reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound.
Ø It depends upon reactivity of metals.
Reactivity series / *Arrangement of metals in a vertical column in order of their decreasing reactivity from top to bottom.
Reactivity series Highly reactive
Potassium K
Barium Ba
Calcium Ca
Sodium Na
Magnesium Mg
Aluminium Al
Zinc Zn
Iron Fe
Nickel Ni
Tin Sn
Lead Pb
Hydrogen H
Copper Cu Less reactive
Mercury Hg than hydrogen
Silver Ag
Platinum Pt
Gold Au
v Gold and platinum are noble metals i.e.,non reactive towards acid, base & other substance.
Displacement reaction / *Types:
· Metal displacement.
· Non metal displacement.
Metal displacement / *More reactive metal displaces a lesser reactive metal from its solution.
e.g.
· Fe + CuSO4------>FeSO4 + Cu
· Cu + FeSO4------>No Reaction
Because Cu is less reactive than Fe.
Non metal displacement / *Metal reacts with acid & liberates hydrogen gas.
e.g.
· Mg + 2HCl------>MgCl2 + H2
Double displacement reaction
/ *Reaction in which two ionic compounds in the solution phase react by exchange of their ions.
e.g.
· BaCl2 + Na2SO4------>BaSO4 + 2NaCl
(white p.p.t)
Precipitation reaction / *Two compounds on mixing react to form an insoluble compound (ppt).
e.g.
· Ca(OH)2 + CO2------>CaCO3
(milky suspension)
v Double displacement reaction is also considered as a precipitation reaction.
Neutralisation reaction / *Acid reacts with base to form salt and water.
e.g.
· NaOH + HCl------>NaCl + H2O
Oxidation –Reduction reaction / *Oxidation
§ Addition of oxygen.
§ Removal of hydrogen.
§ Oxidation number increases.
§ Loss of electron.
e.g. 2Cu +O2------> 2CuO
Ø In this reaction Cu loses 2 e- and convert into Cu+2.
Ø Cu gain O2 and form CuO.
Ø Oxidation no. of Cu Changes from 0 to +2.
*Reduction
§ Addition of Hydrogen.
§ Removal of Oxygen.
§ Oxidation number decreases.
§ Gain of electron.
e.g. CuO(s) + H2(g)------>Cu(s) + H2O(g)
Ø In this reaction Cu gain 2 e- and convert into Cu.
Ø CuO remove O2 and convert into Cu.
Ø Oxidation number of Cu Changes from +2 to O.
Redox reaction / *Reaction in which both oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously.
e.g.
ZnO+ C------>Zn + CO
· Zn O.NO. Changes from +2 to O.
i.e., Reduction.
· C Oxidation. No. O to +2, i.e., Oxidation.
Oxidising Agent / *Substance undergoes reduction.
* Oxidises others and itself reduces.
Reducing Agent / *Substance undergoes oxidation.
* Reduces others and itself oxidises.
v Substance which loses e- i.e. gets oxidized, act as a reducing agent and which gain e- i.e., gets reduced, acts as an oxidising agent.
Corrosion / *Slowly eating up of the metal surface due to attack of O2, H2S, CO2 and water vapour.
*Due to attack of these gases metal convert into corresponding oxides, sulphide, and carbonate.
v Rusting of Iron.
2Fe + 3/2 O2 + XH2O------>Fe2O3.XH2O
(rust)
(hydrated ferric oxide)
v Cu object lose their lustre due to corrosion.
2 Cu + CO2 + O2 + H2O------>CuCo3. Cu(OH)2 (green)
(basic copper carbonate)
v Ag gets tarnished due to corrosion.
2Ag + H2S------>Ag2S + H2
(black)
Prevention / · By painting.
· By greasing and oiling.
· By Galvanisation: Coating the surface of iron object with a thin layer of Zinc.
Rancidity / *Oxidation of oil and fat.
*Resulting in bad smell and bad taste.
Method to Prevent Rancidity / *By adding anti Oxidant: Which slow down the process of oxidation.
e.g. B.H.T. (Butylated hydroxy toluene)
*Vacuum packing.
*Replacing air by nitrogen.
e.g.
· Bags of chips are flushed with nitrogen to prevent from oxidation.
*Refrigeration: Due to low temperature, oxidation is slowed down.
Extra point :
· All decomposition reactions are endothermic in nature i.e., heat is absorbed.
· Combination and decomposition reactions are opposite to each other.
· Corrosion of Aluminium metal is an advantage because it prevents the metal from further damage.
When Al is exposed to moist air, its surface is covered with a thin non penetrable layer of Al2O3 . Aluminium oxide does not allow moist air to come in contact with the metal .Hence protect a metal from further damage.
Al is a common metal which is highly resistant to corrosion.
· H2O2 is always kept in coloured bottles because it is highly reactive towards light and decomposes into water and oxygen.
Activities:
· To study the reaction between Magnesium and oxygen to form Magnesium Oxide.
· To study the reaction between lead nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution.
· To study the reaction between Zinc and dilute sulphuric acid.
· To study the decomposition of ferrous sulphate on heating.
· To study thermal decomposition of lead nitrate.
· To study displacement of Cu from Copper sulphate solution by Iron.
· To study Double displacement reaction between Barium chloride solution and sodium sulphate solution.
CLASS X (BIOLOGY)
SA-1 notes
Chapter – 6. (Life Processes)
Topic - Nutrition in plants and animals
S.No. / Main points / Explanation1 / Nutrition / Process of obtaining and utilizing of food is known as nutrition.
2 / Mode of nutrition / Mode of Nutrition
Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition
(All green plants) (Animals, Man ,Non green plants)
Saprotrophic Nutrition Parastic nutrition Holozoic Nutrition
(Dodder)
(Amoeba,Man)
(Fungi, Mushroom, Bread mould)
3 / (AutoTrophs - Auto-Self, Trophs-Food) / It is mode of nutrition in which organism can make their own food from simple raw material. Example – All green plants.
4 / Heterotrophs-
Hetero-other, trophs-food / It is mode of nutrition in which organism cannot prepare their food on their own and depend on others. Example-animals
5 / Saprotrophic Nutrition / Saprotrophic nutrition is the process by which the organism feed on dead and decaying matter.
Rhizopus, Mucor, Yeast
6 / Photosynthesis
Photo-light, Synthesis- to combine / Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare their own food.
Sunlight
Carbon dioxide +Water Glucose +
chlorophyll Oxygen
7 / Raw materials for photosynthesis / 1. Water and Minerals -These are absorbed by the roots from the soil
2. Carbon dioxide - Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny pores called stomata
3. Sunlight- Energy from the sun is called solar energy
4. Cholorophyll- Chlorophyll pigment helps leaves to capture solar energy.
8 / Products of Photosynthesis / Carbohydrate-glucose. It is converted to starch.
9. / Symbiotic relationship
(greek word symbion-to live together) / Two organism live in close association and develop a relationship that is beneficial to both this is called symbiotic relationship
Exam. Lichen is a living partnership between a fungus an an alga. Fungus absorbs water and provides shelter and alga prepare food by photosynthesis
10 / Insectivores plant / Pitcher plant- plants feed on insects for their nitrogen requirements.
1 / Holozoic nutrition / It means feeding on solid food. Organism takes complex organic food into body , E.g. Man, Amoeba, dog, etc.
2 / Herbivores / Animals which feed on plants only. E.g. deer, cow.
3 / Carnivores / Animals which feed on flesh or meet. E.g. tiger
4 / Omnivores / Animals which feed on both plant and flesh. E.g. Man, dog
5 / Steps of Holozoic nutrition / 1. Ingestion: taking food into mouth.
2. Digestion: break down of large insoluble food into small water soluble molecule by enzymes.
3. Absorption: digested food absorbed through intestinal wall into blood.
4. Assimilation: absorbed food is taken by body cells for releasing energy, growth and repair.
5. Egestion: eliminating undigested food from body.
6 / Phagocytosis / It means cell feeding. It is a process of obtaining food by amoeba.
7 / Pseudopodia / Pseudo- (False) Podia- (Feet)
8 / Holozoic nutrition in amoeba. / Amoeba ingest the food which float in water by help of pseudopodia and digest it food vacuole by enzymes present in it, then absorbed it in body and use it for growth of body , at last undigested food egested from body by contractile vacuole.
9 / Digestive organ of human being / Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine with glands like salivary, liver, pancreas .
10 / Teeth / An organ which breaks down the complex food and help in chewing the food.
11 / Milk –Teeth / The first set of 20 small teeth when baby is 6-7 months old.
12 / Permanent-Teeth / The second set of 32 larger teeth, when child is 6-7 years old. And comes by replacing milk- teeth.
13 / Enamel / A white, Strong, Shining, Protective Material covering on teeth.
14 / Different Types of teeth / 1. Incisors- It is used for cutting food.
2. Canines- It is used for tearing food.
3. Premolar and Molar- It is used for grinding the food
15 / Tongue / A mascular organ attached to the floor of buccal cavity which helps in tasting and mixing the food with saliva for digestion.
16 / Ruminants / These are grass eating animals. Example- Cow, goat, horse etc.
17 / Rumen / The part of ruminant animals, stomach, which has some microbes that helps in partial digestion of cellulose of plant material.
Topic:- Transportation in plants and animal
Main points / Explanation1.Vascular tissue / A plant tissue which helps in transportation
2. Xylem tissue / It helps in transporting water and mineral in plants.
3.Phloem / It helps in transporting food in plants
4. Translocation / The process of transporting food from leaves to other part of plants
5. Transpiration / A loss of water from stomata in leaves
6. Blood / A red colour fluid with circulates in body of animals.
7. plasma / Fluid part of blood which consist of nutrients , hormones, and waste products.
8. Erythrocytes / RBC which provide red pigment hemoglobin to blood.
9. Leucocytes / It provides protection to body from pathogens.
10. Thrombocytes / Helps in clotting of blood during injuries
11 Blood vessel / Tube like structure present in body for carrying blood in.
12. Artery / It carry oxygenated blood from heart to body parts.
13 veins / It carry deoxygenated blood from body part to heart.
14. Capillary / A thin walled narrow tube which connect artery and vein.
15 Heart / A muscular organ present in thoracic cavity and helps in pumping blood in body.
16. Double circulation / A circulatory system in which blood travel twice through heart in one complete cycle.
17. Heart beat / One complete contraction and relaxation of heart (72 times in a minute)
18. Stethoscope / Instrument which measures heart beat.
19. Systolic pressure / Maximum pressure at which blood flows during contraction of heart.(120mmHg)
20 Diastolic Pressure / Minimum pressure at which blood flows during relaxation of heart.(80mmHg)
21 Sphygmomanometer / Instrument which measures blood pressure
22 lymph / A light yellow liquid flowing from body tissue to blood circulatory system and provides immunity
23 bicuspid valve / It protect back flow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium.
24 Tricuspid valve / It protect back flow of blood from right ventricle to right atrium.
Topic:- Excretion in plants and animals