NOTE PACKET # 3
“EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE”
NAME; EARTH SCIENCE
PERIOD;
3.1) Earth in the Universe
A celestial object is
Examples of celestial objects; largest to smallest
biggest1)
2)
3)
4)
smallest5)
1) The symbols below are used to represent different regions of space.
Which diagram shows the correct relationship between these four regions? [If one symbol is within another symbol, that means it is part of, or included in, that symbol.]
2) Which sequence correctly lists the relative sizes from smallest to largest?
(1) our solar system, universe, Milky Way Galaxy
(2) our solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, universe
(3) Milky Way Galaxy, our solar system, universe
(4) Milky Way Galaxy, universe, our solar system
AGE OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM & UNIVERSE.
Universe -
(all space, all matter, all energy).
Age of the Earth is ………………………………….. (see ESRT p. ).
Age of the Earth is
b.y.a =
4,600,000,000 years= bya= mya
Age of the Universe….. =
The universe is….
3) What is the inferred age of our solar system, in millions of years?
(1) 544 (2) 1300 (3) 4600(4) 10,000
4) The explosion associated with the Big Bang theory and the formation of the universe is inferred to have occurred how many billion years ago?
(1) less than 1 (2) 2.5 (3) 4.6(4) over 10
5) Which statement best describes the age of our solar system and the universe?
(1) The universe is at least twice as old as our solar system.
(2) Our solar system is at least twice as old as the universe.
(3) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to be 5 billion years old.
(4) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to be 10 billion years old.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
Big Bang Theory
Big bang theory -
All matter and energy started out
begins.
The earliest atoms form ( and ).
Matter clumps together to form stars and groups of stars ( ).
The Universe
Evidence for the Big Bang
1)
(), that appears to be coming for all directions in the
universe.
2)
each element emits energy of a particular .
The wavelengths emitted by stars are shifted either toward the
( wavelengths) or (
wavelengths) of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Each element produces a signature wavelength of electromagnetic energy.
However, when stars are examined these characteristic wavelengths are shifted.
shift occurs when the wavelengths are shifted towards shorter
wavelengths . (Stars are moving )
shift occurs when the wavelengths are shifted towards the
longer wavelengths. (Stars are moving )
See ESRT pg. ______
This shifting of wavelengths is called the effect.
Car horn example;
diagram
Almost all galaxies show shift.
This means that the universe is in all directions.
6) When viewed from Earth, the light from very distant galaxies shows a red shift. This is evidence that these distant galaxies are
(1) revolving around the Sun
(2) revolving around the Milky Way
(3) moving away from Earth
(4) moving toward Earth
7) The diagram below shows the spectral lines for an element.
Which diagram best represents the spectral lines of this element when its light is observed coming from a star that is moving away from Earth?
8) Astronomers viewing light from distant galaxies observe a shift of spectral lines toward the red end of the visible spectrum. This shift provides evidence that
(1) orbital velocities of stars are decreasing
(2) Earth’s atmosphere is warming
(3) the Sun is cooling
(4) the universe is expanding
Base your answers to questions 9 through 12 on the table below, which shows eight inferred stages describing the formation of the universe from its beginning to the present time.
9) How soon did protons and neutrons form after the beginning of the universe?
(1) 10–43 second (3) 10–6 second
(2) 10–32 second (4) 13.7 billion years
10) What is the most appropriate title for this table?
(1) The Big Bang Theory (3) The Law of Superposition
(2) The Theory of Plate Tectonics (4) The Laws of Planetary Motion
11) According to this table, the average temperature of the universe since stage 3 has
(1) decreased, only (3) remained the same
(2) increased, only (4) increased, then decreased
12) Between which two stages did our solar system form?
(1) 1 and 3 (3) 6 and 7
(2) 3 and 5 (4) 7 and 8
Base your answers to question 13 on the calendar model shown below of the inferred history of the universe and on your knowledge of Earth science. The 12-month time line begins with the Big Bang on January 1 and continues to the present time, which is represented by midnight on December 31. Several inferred events and the relative times of their occurrence have been placed in the appropriate locations on the time line.
13) State one piece of evidence used by scientists to support the theory that the Big Bang event occurred.
3.2) Structure of the Universe
Galaxies
A is a collection of billions of stars and various
amounts of gas and dust.
Our galaxy is - shaped.
The name for our galaxy is the
Stars
A star is a large ball of held together by .
Energy Production in Stars
Most of the energy produced in stars results from
Nuclear fusion is the of the nuclei of smaller elements
to form the nuclei of larger elements.
The sun converts into .
Nuclear fusion can only occur in extremely high and
high conditions like those found in star interiors.
The Luminosity and Temperature of Stars Diagram
See ESRT p._____
Luminosity of a star measures how it would be.
Star Types
The sun is a - sized star.
Main Sequence Stars
About 90 percent of studied stars are located in a broad band called the
.
Star Origin and Evolution
Stars originate from of and dust.
causes these gas and dust clouds to clump up.
When the mass becomes large enough, gravitational contraction results in
high enough and to start
nuclear .
Stars spend most of their lives as a star.
Stars with masses similar to the sun eventually expand to become a
.
These stars use up most of their nuclear fuel collapse to form a
and eventually a
Stars with masses greater than the sun exist for much
periods of time.
These massive stars evolve into and
eventually explode in a event.
14) The star Algol is estimated to have approximately the same luminosity as the starAldebaran and approximately the same temperature as the star Rigel. Algol is best classified as a
(1) main sequence star (3) white dwarf star
(2) red giant star (4) red dwarf star
15) The reaction below represents an energy-producing process.
The reaction represents how energy is produced
(1) in the Sun by fusion
(2) when water condenses in Earth’s atmosphere
(3) from the movement of crustal plates
(4) during nuclear decay
16) Which process produces the energy that allows the stars of the universe to radiate visible light?
(1) convection (3) insolation
(2) nuclear fusion (4) radioactive decay
17) Which list shows stars in order of increasing temperature?
(1) Barnard’s Star, Polaris, Sirius, Rigel
(2) Aldebaran, the Sun, Rigel, Procyon B
(3) Rigel, Polaris, Aldebaran, Barnard’s Star
(4) Procyon B, Alpha Centauri, Polaris, Betelgeuse
18) Compared with our Sun, the star Betelgeuse is
(1) smaller, hotter, and less luminous
(2) smaller, cooler, and more luminous
(3) larger, hotter, and less luminous
(4) larger, cooler, and more luminous
19) Compared to other groups of stars, the group that has relatively low luminosities and relatively low temperatures is the
(1) Red Dwarfs (3) Red Giants
(2) White Dwarfs (4) Blue Supergiants
Base your answers to question 20 and 21 on the star chart below, which shows part of the winter sky visible from New York State. Some of the brighter stars are labeled and the constellation Orion is outlined.
20) Identify the color of the star Bellatrix, which has a surface temperature of approximately 21,000°C.
21) In the space provided, list the stars, other than Bellatrix, found on the chart in order of decreasing luminosity. Rigel, the most luminous star, has been listed.
22) Compared to the surface temperature and luminosity of massive stars in the Main Sequence, the smaller stars in the Main Sequence are
(1) hotter and less luminous
(2) hotter and more luminous
(3) cooler and less luminous
(4) cooler and more luminous
3.3) The Solar System
Our solar system is and all objects that
the sun under its gravitational influence.
Parts of the Solar System
About 99% of the mass of our solar system is contained in the
A satellite is any object that or
around another object.
Asteroids.
An asteroid is a solid and/or metallic body that
independently orbits the sun.
A large percentage of known asteroids are in orbits between
and .
Base your answers to questions 23 through 26 on the passage and diagram below. The diagram shows the orbits of the four inner planets and the asteroid Hermes around the Sun. Point A represents a position along Hermes’ orbit.
The Curious Tale of Asteroid Hermes
It’s dogma [accepted belief] now: an asteroid hit Earth 65 million years ago and wiped out the dinosaurs. But in 1980 when scientists Walter and Luis Alvarez first suggested the idea to a gathering at the American Association for Advancement of Sciences, their listeners were skeptical. Asteroids hitting Earth? Wiping out species? It seemed incredible.
At that very moment, unknown to the audience, an asteroid named Hermes halfway between Mars and Jupiter was beginning a long plunge toward our planet. Six months later it would pass 300,000 miles from Earth’s orbit, only a little more than the distance to the Moon….
Hermes approaches Earth’s orbit twice every 777 days. Usually our planet is far away when the orbit crossing happens, but in 1937, 1942, 1954, 1974 and 1986, Hermes came harrowingly [dangerously] close to Earth itself. We know about most of these encounters only because Lowell Observatory astronomer Brian Skiff rediscovered Hermes on Oct. 15, 2003. Astronomers around the world have been tracking it carefully ever since.…
Excerpted from “The Curious Tale of Asteroid Hermes,” Dr. Tony Phillips, Science @ NASA, November 3, 2003.
23) When Hermes is located at position A and Earth is in the position shown in the diagram, the asteroid can be viewed from Earth at each of the following times except
(1) sunrise (3) 12 noon
(2) sunset(4) 12 midnight
24) How does the period of revolution of Hermes compare to the period of revolution of the planets shown in the diagram?
(1) Hermes has a longer period of revolution than Mercury, but a shorter period of revolution than Venus, Earth, and Mars.
(2) Hermes has a shorter period of revolution than Mercury, but a longer period of revolution than Venus, Earth, and Mars.
(3) Hermes has a longer period of revolution than all of the planets shown.
(4) Hermes has a shorter period of revolution than all of the planets shown.
25) Why is evidence of asteroids striking Earth so difficult to find?
(1) Asteroids are made mostly of frozen water and gases and are vaporized on impact.
(2) Asteroids are not large enough to leave impact craters.
(3) Asteroids do not travel fast enough to create impact craters.
(4) Weathering, erosion, and deposition on Earth have destroyed or buried most impact
craters.
26) According to the diagram, as Hermes and the planets revolve around the Sun, Hermes appears to be a threat to collide with
(1) Earth, only
(2) Earth and Mars, only
(3) Venus, Earth, and Mars, only
(4) Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
Moons.
A moon is a body that orbits a or asteroid.
Comets.
A comet is often compared to a made from
found along a road that has just been sanded.
Meteoroids.
Very small solid fragments that orbit the sun are called
When meteoroids burn up or vaporize, they leave a brief visual streak as
they pass through Earth’s atmosphere and are called
If a meteoroid survives its trip through Earth’s atmosphere and lands on
Earth’s surface, it is called a
Some meteorites have sufficient mass to create a depression in Earth’s
crust called an
Evolution of the Solar System.
Our solar system started to form approximately years ago.
At first there was a cloud.
caused the cloud to condense into one or more mass
concentrations.
The planets, asteroids, and moons with solid surfaces bear witness to impact
events in the form of
Impact events have also been linked to and
mass
Gravitational contraction of the planets and larger moons produced
Heat caused the newly formed planets and moons to largely
As a result, these bodies became into zones based on
the of their various elements and compounds.
Base your answers to questions 27 and 28 on the diagram below, which shows an inferred sequence in which our solar system formed from a giant interstellar cloud of gas and debris. Stage A shows the collapse of the gas cloud, stage B shows its flattening, and stage C shows the sequence that led to the formation of planets.
27) From stage B to stage C, the young Sun was created
(1) when gravity caused the center of the cloud to contract
(2) when gravity caused heavy dust particles to split apart
(3) by outgassing from the spinning interstellar cloud
(4) by outgassing from Earth’s interior
28) After the young Sun formed, the disk of gas and dust
(1) became spherical in shape (3) became larger in diameter
(2) formed a central bulge (4) eventually formed into planets
3.4 a) Planet Characteristics
A planet’s from the sun has a major effect on its characteristics.
The high temperature and pressure from particles emitted by the sun drove
away elements and compounds away
from the solar system.
Differences in the inner and outer solar system provide characteristics that allow
the planets to be classified into the inner
planets and outer planets.
Terrestrial Planet Propeties
to the sun.
mostly
relatively diameters and density.
moons and rings.
Jovian Planet Properties
from the sun.
largely
diameters and densities.
have moons and have .
ESRT p15; Solar System Data.
29) Which planet is located approximately ten times farther from the Sun than Earth is from the Sun?
(1) Mars (3) Saturn
(2) Jupiter (4) Uranus
30) Which planet is located approximately ten times farther from the Sun than Earth is from the Sun?
(1) Mars (3) Saturn
(2) Jupiter (4) Uranus
31) Compared to the terrestrial planets, the Jovian planets are
(1) smaller and have lower densities
(2) smaller and have greater densities
(3) larger and have lower densities
(4) larger and have greater densities
32) Which pair of shaded circles best represents the relative sizes of Earth and Venus when drawn to scale?
32) Which object in our solar system has the greatest density?
(1) Jupiter (3) the Moon
(2) Earth (4) the Sun
33) Which event takes the most time?
(1) one revolution of Earth around the Sun
(2) one revolution of Venus around the Sun
(3) one rotation of the Moon on its axis
(4) one rotation of Venus on its axis
34) Compared to the Jovian planets in our solar system, Earth is
(1) less dense and closer to the Sun
(2) less dense and farther from the Sun
(3) more dense and closer to the Sun
(4) more dense and farther from the Sun
35) Which object is closest to Earth?
(1) the Sun (3) the Moon
(2) Venus (4) Mars
3.4b) Motions of the Planets
The planets have many different motions. They…
- move with the system around the
galaxy.
- or spin around an imaginary axis.
- around the sun in an .
Planet Rotation
Planets spin on an imaginary axis in a motion called
The is the amount of time it
takes for a planet to make one spin around its imaginary axis and
determines the length of a planets
Planet Revolution
A planet’s is its movement around the sun in
a path called an .
Earth’s orbit is an shape called an .
Within the ellipse are two fixed points called .
The of an ellipse is the longest straight-line
distance across an ellipse.
Eccentricity of Planet Orbits
The degree of flattening or “ovalness” of an ellipse is measured by its
.
Write the formula for eccentricity;
As the foci of an ellipse are brought closer together, the ellipse becomes
more like a and the eccentricity
towards .
diagram;
36) The diagram below represents the elliptical orbit of a moon revolving around a planet. The foci of this orbit are the points labeled F1 and F2.
What is the approximate eccentricity of this
elliptical orbit?
(1) 0.3 (3) 0.7
(2) 0.5 (4) 1.4
37) The diagram below is a constructed ellipse. F1 and F2 are the foci of the ellipse.
The eccentricity of this constructed ellipse is closest to the eccentricity of the orbit of which planet?
(Calculate eccentricity and then compare to planet data in ESRT)
(1) Mercury (3) Saturn
(2) Earth (4) Neptune
38) Which bar graph correctly shows the orbital eccentricity of the planets in our solar system?
(1) (3)
(2) (4)
39) The diagram below shows the elliptical orbit of a planet revolving around a star. The star and F2 are the foci of this ellipse.
What is the approximate eccentricity of this ellipse?