Chapter 9: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire (400-1300)

Section 1 – Transforming the Roman World

The New Germanic Kingdoms

  • ______in Spain
  • ______in Italy
  • By 500 the Western Roman Empire was replaced by states ruled by ______kings
  • Retained the ______structure of government

The Kingdom of the Franks

  • ______unites the Franks as a Christian country (France)

Germanic Society

  • ______& ______began to intermarry and create a new society
  • Crucial bond between the Germanic people was the ______
  • worked the land together and passed it down through generations
  • Provided protection in the violent atmosphere of the time

Crime & Punishment

  • ______– crime was considered an offense against the state
  • Court would hear evidence & arrive at a decision
  • ______– crime was personal
  • Injury to one person could lead to a blood feud and savage acts of revenge

To avoid bloodshed, a new system was developed:

  • ______ – means “money for a man” – the amount paid by the wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she has injured or killed
  • ______ – means of determining guilt in Germanic law – based on divine intervention

Organization of the Church

  • ______– led local Christian communities called parishes
  • ______– led a group of parishes called a diocese
  • ______– (papa, “father”) one bishop became the leader of Roman Catholic Church

Pope Gregory I (590-604)

  • Known as ______
  • Strengthened the power of the ______& ______
  • Gave papacy a source of political power
  • Increased spiritual power over the church in the West
  • Active in converting non-Christians through the monastic movement

•______ – man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to pursue a life of total dedication to God

•______– the practice of living the life of a monk

•First based on the model of a hermit who pursues an isolated spiritual life

•______ founded a community of monks for which he wrote a set of rules

Saint Benedict’s Rules

  • Emphasis on ______and ______labor
  • Ruled by an abbot or “father” who had complete authority
  • Self-sustaining community
  • Held up as the ideal Christian society
  • Provided schools, hotels, and hospitals

Charlemagne and the CarolingiansBackground

  • ______kings gradually lost their power to the mayors of the palace – chief officers of the king’s household
  • Pepin (son of Charles Martel) assumed the kingship
  • Upon Pepin’s death, his son came to the throne

Charles the Great - ______

  • dynamic & powerful
  • determined, decisive & highly intelligent
  • fierce warrior & strong statesman
  • pious Christian
  • unable to write, but was a big supporter of learning
  • Ruled ______

Carolingian Empire

  • Relied on counts (German nobles) to act as king’s chief representative in the local areas
  • ______ (“messengers of the lord king”) – two men sent to spy on the counts and ensure they were following the king’s wishes

Kingdom of Charlemagne

  • The New Roman Emperor – Christmas Day 800

The Carolingian Renaissance

  • Stemmed from ______own intellectual curiosity
  • And from the need to have literate clergy and officials

Monasteries established ______where monks copied Bibles and classic works

Crucial for preservation – most ancient Roman works exist today because copied by Carolingian monks

Chapter 9 Section 2 – Feudalism

Invasions of Europe

  • ______Empire began to fall apart soon after Charlemagne’s death in 814
  • Divided among he grandsons into three major parts
  • ______= disintegration of the empire
  • ______attacked the southern coasts of Europe and France
  • Magyars (people from western Asia) settled in Hungary and invaded western Europe

The Vikings

  • Great love of adventure & spoils of war
  • Warriors, great ______and sailors
  • Long and narrow ______ships carried 50 men
  • The design of the ships allowed them to sail up European rivers and attack places far inland

Feudalism

  • Developed from a need to protect themselves against the ______and other invaders
  • Centralized governments were unable to defend their subjects
  • People turned to local ______and nobles who were powerful enough to protect them in return for a service

Vassalage

  • ______– man who served a lord in a military capacity
  • ______– heavily armed cavalry
  • Lords gave vassals a piece of land for their family in exchange for fighting for them

The Feudal Contract

  • Lord/vassal ______was made official in a public ceremony
  • Vassal performed an act of homage to his lord
  • ______– the land given to the vassal
  • Vassals could have their own vassals & the system became very complicated

The Nobility of the Middle Ages

  • ______– kings, dukes, barons, & bishops
  • Had large estates and considerable political, economic, and social power
  • Great lords and ordinary knight = common group within the ______
  • Warriors, united by knighthood

Tournaments

  • Contests where ______could show their fighting skills
  • “A knight cannot distinguish himself in war if he has not trained for it in tourneys.”

Chivalry

  • Code of ______that knights were supposed to uphold
  • Knight were expected to:
  • Defend the ______
  • Defend those who are ______
  • Treat captives as honored guests
  • ______only for glory and not for material rewards

Aristocratic Women

  • Could legally hold property, but most remained under the control of men
  • Because the lord was often away, managed the estate:
  • Officials & servants
  • Financial accounts
  • Food supply

Eleanor of ______

  • Married ______of France at age 15 (annulled) and later Henry II of England
  • Two of her sons were kings (Richard and John)

Chapter 9Section 3 – The Growth of European Kingdoms

Learning Objectives - The students will be able to:

  • Explain the significance of the following dates: 1066 and 1215
  • Describe the impact of the Magna Carta, the development of representative government in EnglandFrance, and the development of English common law on the evolution of representative government

The Norman Conquest

  • Battle of Hastings – ______
  • ______landed on the coast of England and defeated King Harold
  • William was crowned king of ______

The Doomsday Book 24

  • First ______- list of all English assets

Henry II

  • Enlarged the power of the English ______by expanding the power of the royal courts
  • ______– law that is common to the whole kingdom began to replace law codes that varied from place to place
  • Power struggle with Archbishop ______
  • Becket ______in the Cathedral

June 15, 1215 John forced to sign the ______

Magna Carta – ______

  • A feudal document – used to strengthen the idea that the ______power is limited, not absolute

The First Parliament

  • Established 1295 by ______
  • Composed of:
  • ______knights from every county
  • ______people from every town
  • All nobles & bishops
  • Eventually divided into the

______& the ______

  • Granted taxes and passed laws

First French Parliament

  • Philip IV (Philip the Fair)
  • Estates-General – 1302
  • First Estate – ______
  • Second Estate – ______
  • Third Estate – ______

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