Chapter 8 Reading Guide – pp. 126 – 136, Sections 8.1 to 8.11

Sexual reproduction vs. asexual reproduction –

Sexual reproduction is reproduction that involves fertilization and the contribution of DNA from two parents. Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring by a single parent without the participation of sperm and egg. The entire genetic complement of the offspring comes from one parent. Some simple single-celled organisms, some fungi, prokaryotes, and some plants reproduce this way. There are even a few simple animals that can reproduce asexually.

8.1: What are chromosomes:

Even though sexual reproduction generally means that offspring resemble their parents, how does it also explain how there can be such variation among different offspring?

What does “like begets like” mean in terms of asexual reproduction and in terms of sexual reproduction?

8.2: What was the important principle stated by German scientist, Rudolf Virchow?

What does it tell us about the perpetuation of life?

List some of the roles that cell division plays in the life of organisms:





If a single cell starts a series of 10 divisions where each time the daughter cells divide that is called a division, how many cells would result?

8.3: Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission. Define binary fissionL

– label the diagram below from Figure 8.3A

How is prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?

What is the result of binary fission in terms of the genetic variation (or lack) in the offspring?

8.4: About how many genes do human cells carry?

When the DNA material is spread out in long strands in the cell it is called ______.

When the DNA starts to coil up and compress it is now called ______.

List one way a eukaryotic chromosome is different from a prokaryotic chromosome:

Before undergoing cell division, the DNA has to be copied so that each offspring will get a full set. Once a DNA molecule copies it stays connected to its copy via a ______and each identical copy is called a ______. Eventually as cell division occurs, these chromatids will be pulled apart so that one of each ends up in the two new cells.

Label diagram 8.4C:

8.5: Cell division is the basis of ______for every organism.

Cell division is only part of the entire sequence of events that starts when a cell is first formed until it divides which is called the ______.

Label the parts of the cell cycle in figure 8.5:

The two broad stages of the cell cycle are the growing phase or ______and the dividing phase or ______.

Most of the cell’s work and time is spent in ______. What happens during this phase?

Briefly describe each subphase of interphase:

G1 :

S:

G2:

What are the two parts of the mitotic phase and what happens in them?

Once daughter cells are created what happens to them?

8.6: Label the stages and parts of each diagram below and then summarizes what happens in 1. Interphase, 2. Prophase, and 3. Prometaphase

Continue labeling the stages and parts in the next figure and describe what happens in 4. Metaphase, 5. Anaphase, and 6. Telophase and cytokinesis

8.7: Briefly summarize how cytokinesis is different in plants and animals – determine and label each diagram below as plant or animal:

8.8: What are some of the factors that regulate or affect cell division:




8.9: Label the diagram with the major checkpoints and explain what happens at each checkpoint:

  • G1 Checkpoint:
  • G2 Checkpoint:
  • M Checkpoint:

Why might a cell go into Go?

8.10: How do cancer cells differ from “normal” cells in terms of the cell cycle?

What is a tumor?

What distinguishes a benign tumor from a malignant tumor?

How does chemotherapy work on the cells? How does this explain many of the side effects of chemotherapy?

8.11: Explain how the three pictures demonstrate the role of mitotic cell division in different systems: