Chapter 6 Key Terms Introduction to Personality: Toward An Integration 7e 1
Chapter 6 – Key Terms
Anima – In Jung’s theory, the feminine, passive element in the unconscious of every male (p. 118)
Animus – In Jung’s theory, the masculine, assertive element in the unconscious of every female (p. 118)
Archetypes – Jung’s term for the contents of the collective unconscious – images or symbols expressing the inherited patterns for the organization of experience (e.g., mother archetype) (p. 118)
Collective unconscious – inherited portion of the unconscious, as postulated by Jung; consists of ancestral memories and archetypes that are part of each person’s unconscious (p. 118)
Compensatory motivation – motivation for the individual to compensate for early concerns with physical weakness or illness (P. 121)
Competence motivation – desire to acquire mastery of a task for its own sake
Ego identity – the ego’s ability to integrate changes in the libido with developmental aptitudes and social opportunities (p. 125)
Ego psychology – a variety of psychoanalytic theory that stresses ego functions and de-emphasizes instinctual drives (p. 114)
Empathic mirroring – learning emotions and behaviors fro the examples of others (p. 132)
Environmental presses – according to Murray, contextual or situational pressures that influence personality and its expression (p. 135)
Harvard personologists – a group of psychologists in the 1940s and 1950s whose study of personality was strongly influenced by the work of Freud and by biosocial, organismic theory stressing the integrated, whole aspect of personality (p. 134)
Higher order motives – a hypothesized motive that, unlike thirst or hunger, does not involve specific physiological changes (p. 134)
Identity crisis – according to Erikson, a point in psychological development when the adolescent or young defines his or her identity (p. 125)
Implicit methods – indirect and projective methods of personality measurement (p. 138)
Inferiority complex – according to Adler, feelings of inferiority in the individual that stem from the experience of helplessness and organ inferiority in infancy; results from a failure to compensate for early weakness through mastery in life tasks (p. 121)
Internal working models – mental representations of the others or self, or of relationships, that guide subsequent experiences and behavior (p. 128)
Mandala – one of Jung’s archetypes, a circle symbolizing the self’s search for wholeness and containing designs often divided into four parts (p. 120)
Need for achievement (n Ach) – need for achievement (in theory of achievement motivation) (p. 136)
Need for intimacy – the motivation to warmly and closely connect, share, and communicate with other people in one’s everyday life (p. 138)
Object relations theory – an approach to psychoanalysis that stresses study of the interactions between individuals, especially in childhood (p. 126)
Organ inferiority – Alfred Adler’s term for physical weakness associated with the helplessness of infancy (p. 121)
Personology – intensive psychodynamic study of individual lives as integrated, organized units, conceived by the “Harvard personologists” (p. 134)
Projection – a defense mechanism by which one attributes one’s own unacceptable aspects or impulses onto someone else (p. 116)
Psychological oxygen – According to Kohut, the psychological deprivation of empathic human responses in important others is analogous to the deprivation of oxygen (p. 132)
Psychosocial crisis – according to Erikson’s theory, the person’s efforts to solve the problems that occur at a given stage of psychosocial development (p. 125)
Psychosocial stages – Erikson’s eight stages of development; extending throughout life, each stage centers around a “crisis” or set of problems and the individual’s attempts to solve it (p. 124)
Rationalization – a defense mechanism that occurs when one makes something more acceptable by attributing it to more acceptable causes (p. 117)
Reaction formation – a defense mechanism that occurs when an anxiety-provoking impulse is replaced in consciousness by its opposite (p. 116)
Relational self – the self perceived not as a single entity but as an object in relation to other objects, as in Kohut’s object relations theory (p. 126)
Shadow aspect – according to Jung, the unconscious part of the psyche that must be absorbed into the personality to achieve full emotional growth (p. 118)
Sibling rivalry – competition between the siblings of a family that, according to Adler, plays a major role in development (p. 121)
Strange Situation – an experimental study that puts a young child in an unfamiliar setting to assess individual differences in attachment relations (p. 128)
Sublimation – a process through which socially unacceptable impulses are expressed in socially acceptable ways (p. 117)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – projective test consisting of a set of ambiguous pictures about which the person being tested is asked to make up an interesting story (p. 136)