Shiraev, History of Psychology 2e
Chapter 6: Clinical Research and Psychology at the End of the 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Century
Page 187
1. b
2. b
3. Most neurotic patients, unlike those diagnosed with madness, were aware of their problems and usually acknowledged the oddness of their symptoms.
4. The nervous system was believed to have a varying tonus, which is either sthenic (strong) or asthenic (weak). Asthenic symptoms stood for mental weakness or nervous oversensitivity
Page 189
1. a
2. First, mental illness became a special explanatory category for those individuals whose behavior was out of the ordinary and difficult to explain by understandable causes. Second, having a mental illness often meant being an outcast. Third, people had broad expectations that some forms of mental illness were curable.
Page 193
1. c
2. c
3. Stress or daily hassles coupled with the lack of family support.
4. Seeing persistent violence, sex crimes, homelessness, or chronic drug abuse in some people as medical, not social, problems.
Page 196
1. d
2. b
1. 3. “Hyper” stood for exaggerated emotions and dramatic actions; “low” stood for withdrawal.
Page 203
1. a
2. c
3. An eclectic conglomerate of intellectuals and health care professionals whose beliefs were driven by a mix of Darwinism, progressivism, social engineering, and, unfortunately, prejudice.
4. The supporters of this method compared clinical observations of a patient’s abnormal symptoms with the reliable data about brain pathology, most likely obtained during an autopsy on the patient’s brain.
Page 208-209
1. c
2. a
3. A type of treatment focusing on compassion and trust. Gradually, through learning and hope, the patient should restore the lost qualities of good behavior.
Page 212
1. b
2. To allow psychologists working in these clinics observe an individual’s symptoms and then conduct experiments to examine the effectiveness of therapeutic procedures.