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Chapter 3—The Self
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.As described in the textbook, in the late 1500s a Hungarian nobleman named Count Zrinyi was attacked at his small castle by a force of almost 100,000 men. Zrini had no chance of survival in the face of this attack. In the moments before he was killed, however, instead of attempting to flee for his life or fight against the enemy, he put on his finest attire, hung a heavy gold chain around his neck, and stuffed his pockets full of gold coins. He then flung open the doors of the castle and charged into a suicide death. This story is used in the textbook to make the point that ____.
a. / many people believe in an afterlifeb. / people often become delusional when under high levels of stress
c. / many people care strongly about self-presentation
d. / most people have a hard time accepting their own mortality
ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:IntroductionTYPE: Applied
2.According to the text, the three main parts of the self are ____.
a. / self-esteem, self-understanding, and self-actionb. / self-knowledge, the agent self, and the interpersonal self
c. / the real self, the ideal self, and the future self
d. / the conscious self, the preconscious self, and the unconscious self
ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Factual
3.Self-knowledge includes ____.
a. / self-presentationb. / social roles
c. / self-control
d. / self-awareness
ANS:DDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
4.In the three-part structure of the self, the agent self serves ____.
a. / as a public self.b. / as a self-concept.
c. / an executive function.
d. / an interpersonal function.
ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
5.In the three-part structure of the self, the interpersonal self involves ____.
a. / self-awareness and self-deceptionb. / self-presentation, social roles, and self as relationship partner
c. / self-esteem and self-concept
d. / self as decision-maker and active respondent
ANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
6.Which of the following involves decision making?
a. / Interpersonal selfb. / Self-knowledge
c. / Agent self
d. / Public self
ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
7.Suppose that you are trying to quit smoking, but that you are having trouble doing so. When you stop to think about why you might be having so much trouble (i.e., when you try to analyze what your resistance might be to quitting), you are relying on ____.
a. / self-knowledgeb. / the interpersonal self
c. / the agent self
d. / the self-concept
ANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Applied
8.Which part of the self is most concerned with gaining social acceptance and fitting in?
a. / The idb. / Self-knowledge
c. / The agent self
d. / The interpersonal self
ANS:DDIF:EasyREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
9.Tony is debating between buying a Volvo S40, a Saab 9-3, and a Honda Accord. What part of his self is he relying upon?
a. / Self-knowledge, or self-conceptb. / The agent self, or executive function
c. / The interpersonal self, or public self
d. / Possible self, or future self
ANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Applied
10.Probably the best account of the origins of selfhood is that the self comes into being at the interface between ____ and ____.
a. / inner biological processes; a sociocultural networkb. / parents; peer groups
c. / infancy; childhood
d. / the individual; society
ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
11.As discussed in the textbook, the idea of an inner "true" self (a self that may not be explicitly apparent or reflected in outward behavior) may have its origins in ____.
a. / World War IIb. / Buddhism
c. / existentialism
d. / class prejudices
ANS:DDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Factual
12.As discussed in the text, the increase in social mobility in aristocratic times may help explain how the idea of ____ originated.
a. / personalityb. / the inner "true" self
c. / the work ethic
d. / narcissism
ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
13.A classic article by sociologist Ralph Turner noted that different cultures, at different times, have defined the true self by placing emphasis on either of two main approaches. These approaches are ____.
a. / the self as inner feelings and the self in social rolesb. / public self-awareness and private self-awareness
c. / the looking-glass self and the generalized other
d. / the implicit self and the explicit self
ANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Factual
14.According to sociologist Ralph Turner, which of the following would be an example of the self in a public role?
a. / Melissa wonders whether she will fit in with the sales institution where she is interviewing.b. / Melissa feels nervous and insecure about interviewing for a sales position since she classifies herself as an introvert.
c. / Melissa interviews for a job as a salesperson, and tells the interviewer that she is outgoing and ambitious.
d. / Melissa thinks about her sales interview and is concerned about whether she will perform well as a salesperson if she gets hired for the job.
ANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Applied
15.In cultures that emphasize ____, wedding ceremonies and their legal or religious value are seen as very important; the psychological meaning of weddings and the feelings of the spouses are of secondary importance.
a. / self-regulationb. / self-handicapping
c. / the self in public roles
d. / the self as inner feelings
ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Applied
16.Research suggests that ____ tend to have more interdependent self-construals, whereas ____ tend to have more independent self-construals.
a. / modern cultures; traditional culturesb. / country-dwellers; city-dwellers
c. / Easterners; Westerners
d. / Northerners; Southerners
ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Factual
17.As discussed in the text, one of the gymnasts who competed in the 1976 Olympics broke his leg midway through the competition but actually hid his injury from his teammates (because he did not want them to be distracted or concerned during the competition) and continued to compete (and help his team win the medal). This story is used to illustrate the notion of ____.
a. / intrinsic rewardsb. / an interdependent self-construal
c. / social comparison
d. / the looking-glass self
ANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Applied
18.Yolanda tends to think of herself as a unique person, with individual personality traits, interests, and opinions. She tends to make decisions on her own, to look after her own needs, and to think of herself as a "self-made woman." It would be safe to say that Yolanda has a(n) ____ self-construal.
a. / independentb. / interdependent
c. / intrinsic
d. / extrinsic
ANS:ADIF:EasyREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Applied
19.____ have social roles; ____ are the only animals where individuals take on different roles during the course of a lifetime.
a. / Humans are the only animals who; humansb. / Mammals are the only animals who; humans
c. / Mammals and some insects; humans and other primates
d. / Various animals; humans
ANS:DDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Factual
20.According to the text, without society, the self ____.
a. / would not exist in full.b. / would still exist in full.
c. / would be purely independent.
d. / would be purely interdependent.
ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Factual
21.Suppose that you are a research participant in a study, and a researcher asks you to work on a puzzle while sitting in front of a mirror. He also mentions that your performance will be videotaped. Given these two pieces of information, you would be wise to suspect that the researcher is trying to increase ____.
a. / the self-reference effectb. / self-awareness
c. / interdependent self-construal
d. / the consistency motive
ANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Applied
22.In the 1980s, there was an anti-drug television commercial that showed a businessman in a seedy public restroom getting prepared to snort cocaine. The man drops the cocaine on the floor and needs to bend down to try to retrieve it. He then catches a glimpse of himself in the restroom mirror, and appears—having seen himself in this act—to feel suddenly shocked by himself, and ashamed of what he is doing, Seeing himself in the mirror seems to heighten the man's ____.
a. / interdependent self-construalb. / self-presentation
c. / self-awareness
d. / independent self-construal
ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Applied
23.Social psychologists generally refer to two types of self-awareness. They are ____.
a. / independent self-awareness and interdependent self-awarenessb. / intrinsic self-awareness and extrinsic self-awareness
c. / public self-awareness and private self-awareness
d. / interpersonal self-awareness and agentic self-awareness
ANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Factual
24.The notion of private self-awareness is conceptually similar to the idea(s) of ____.
a. / the self-enhancement motivationb. / self-knowledge and introspection
c. / implicit or nonconscious thoughts
d. / nervousness or self-consciousness
ANS:BDIF:EasyREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
25.Suppose that Ted and Ed are both very high in public self-awareness. This means that they tend to ____.
a. / pay a lot of attention to how they are perceived by others, and what others might think of themb. / see themselves in the same way that other people see them (i.e., their self-perceptions tend to be in line with the perceptions that other people have of them)
c. / think that they are generally better than other people
d. / become nervous and uncomfortable in social situations
ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Applied
26.Nearly all children start talking about standards at age _____, which is the age at which _____.
a. / one; they first learn to speakb. / two; self-awareness blossoms
c. / five to six; they begin to form a clear gender identity
d. / eleven to twelve; puberty usually sets in
ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
27.Self-awareness is typically ____ because people tend to ____.
a. / pleasant; compare themselves against low standardsb. / unpleasant; compare themselves against high standards
c. / pleasant; not compare themselves against any standards
d. / unpleasant; not compare themselves against any standards
ANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
28.Increasing self-awareness tends to make people ____.
a. / behave in ways that are more consistent with their attitudesb. / engage in the over-justification effect
c. / decrease their normal level of self-regulation
d. / feel devalued
ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
29.Research has shown that children are less likely to steal Halloween candy if there is a big mirror in front of them than if there is no mirror. This finding illustrates the fact that ____.
a. / the looking-glass self is similar to public self-consciousnessb. / the looking-glass self invokes the generalized other
c. / high self-awareness tends to increase moral behavior
d. / moral behavior is primarily guided by the conscious part of the duplex mind
ANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Applied
30._____ tends to make people more aware of positive, culturally desirable standards and tends to make them try harder to behave in positive, culturally desirable ways.
a. / Basking in reflected gloryb. / The over-justification effect
c. / The self-reference effect
d. / Self-awareness
ANS:DDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Conceptual
31.Drinking alcohol and using drugs are common means that people use to escape ____.
a. / the duplex mindb. / the phenomenal self (working self-concept)
c. / self-awareness
d. / the self-enhancement motive
ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Factual
32.The process by which the self-monitors, controls, and modifies the self is known as ____.
a. / self-referencingb. / self-regulation
c. / the working self-concept
d. / public self-consciousness
ANS:BDIF:EasyREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Factual
33.When they are not keeping track of how much they are eating (e.g., when they are intoxicated or emotionally absorbed in a television show), ____.
a. / both dieters and non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise.b. / dieters eat more than they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat the same as they would otherwise.
c. / dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise.
d. / both dieters and non-dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise.
ANS:ADIF:ModerateREF:What Is the Self?TYPE: Factual
34.The term "looking-glass self" was coined to refer to the idea that ____.
a. / we learn about ourselves from watching ourselves in the mirrorb. / we learn about ourselves from other people
c. / we tend to see parts of our own personalities in other people
d. / we tend to judge ourselves rather positively compared to how other people judge us.
ANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:Where Self-Knowledge Comes From
TYPE: Factual
35.According to the text, Mead's notion of the generalized other elaborated upon ____.
a. / Freud's notion of the superegob. / the neo-Freudian notion of the object
c. / Cooley's notion of the looking-glass self
d. / Turner's notion of self as institution
ANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:Where Self-Knowledge Comes From
TYPE: Factual
36.How does the self-concept relate to others' perceptions? Research suggests that the self-concept ____.
a. / is very much in line with both how people think others regard them and how others actually do regard themb. / is very much in line with how people think others regard them, but is very different from how others actually do regard them
c. / is very different from how people think others regard them, but is very much in line with how others actually do regard them
d. / is different from both how people think others regard them and how others actually do regard them
ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:Where Self-Knowledge Comes From
TYPE: Conceptual
37.Social psychologists have found that there is usually a very good match between ____.
a. / your self-concept and your perception of what others think of youb. / your self-concept and the true opinions that others have of you
c. / your perception of what others think of you and the true opinions that others have of you
d. / your self-concept and others' self-concepts
ANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:Where Self-Knowledge Comes From
TYPE: Factual
38.Introspection refers to the process by which a person ____.
a. / compares himself or herself to cultural standards of moralityb. / takes stock of his or her strengths or weaknesses
c. / seeks to regulate, control, or modify his or her behavior
d. / examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states
ANS:DDIF:EasyREF:Where Self-Knowledge Comes From
TYPE: Factual
39.Is introspection a source of self-knowledge?
a. / Yes, and it is the only true source of self-knowledge.b. / Yes, it is one source of self-knowledge, but there are also other sources of self-knowledge.
c. / Yes, but only for people who are self-actualized (less than 1% of people).
d. / No, it is not a source of self-knowledge for anyone.
ANS:BDIF:ModerateREF:Where Self-Knowledge Comes From
TYPE: Conceptual
40.In Nisbett and Wilson’s (1977) studies, when people made choices about which stockings to buy, the people said that they made their choice based on ____.
a. / whether the stocking was presented first or lastb. / the color or softness of the stocking
c. / how much the stocking cost
d. / the stocking size
ANS:BDIF:EasyREF:Where Self-Knowledge Comes From
TYPE: Factual
41.In Nisbett and Wilson’s (1977) studies on consumers’ awareness of purchasing decisions, ____.
a. / people were able to articulate accurately that they made their choice based on product color or softnessb. / people made choices based on the product softness or color, but thought they made the choice based on when they saw the product
c. / people made choices based on whether they saw the product last, but thought they made the choice based on product color or softness
d. / people were able to articulate accurately that they made their choice based on when they saw the product
ANS:CDIF:ModerateREF:Where Self-Knowledge Comes From
TYPE: Factual
42.Nisbett and Wilson’s (1977) research was an attack on what concept?
a. / self-regulationb. / self-esteem
c. / narcissism
d. / introspection
ANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:Where Self-Knowledge Comes From
TYPE: FactualNOTE: New
43.Research has shown that men tend to like cars more when car ads feature sexy women than when they don't. Furthermore, men ____ aware that they like the cars more, ____ aware that the sexy women probably influenced their opinion.
a. / are; andb. / are; but are not
c. / are not; but are
d. / are not; and are not
ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:Where Self-Knowledge Comes From
TYPE: Factual
44.Jetta wonders how she is doing in her class. At first, she thinks she is doing well because she is getting a “B.” Then she finds out that nearly every other person in the class is getting an “A” and she feels less happy. The theory of ____ explains why Jetta feels less happy once she finds out how others are doing in the class, too.