Chapter 3 Rocks

Chapter 3 Rocks

3.1 The Rock Cycle

______are any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our planet.

Types of Rocks

______rock is formed by the crystallization of molten magma.

______rock is formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported, deposited, compacted, and cemented.

______rock is formed by the alteration of pre-existing rock deep within Earth (but still in the solid state) by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids.

The ______

Shows the interrelationships among the ______rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic)

______is molten material that forms deep beneath the Earth’s surface.

______is magma that reaches the surface.

______is a process in which rocks are broken down by water, air, and living things.

______is weathered pieces of Earth elements.

Energy That Drives the Rock Cycle

Processes driven by heat from the Earth’s ______are responsible for forming both igneous rock and metamorphic rock.

______and the movement of weathered materials are ______processes powered by energy from the sun.

______processes produce sedimentary rocks.

3.2 Igneous Rocks

Formation of Igneous Rocks

______igneous rocks are formed when magma hardens ______Earth’s surface – inside

______igneous rocks are formed when lava hardens ______Earth’s surface – outside

Classification of Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks can be classified based on their composition and texture.

Texture

______texture is caused by slow cooling resulting in larger crystals.

______texture is caused by rapid cooling resulting in smaller, interconnected mineral grains.

______is an intrusive igneous rock that forms when magma cools slowly beneath Earth’s surface.

______is an extrusive igneous rock that forms when lave cools quickly at Earth’s surface.

______texture is caused by very rapid cooling.

______texture is caused by different rates of cooling resulting in varied sized minerals.

Composition

______composition rocks are made mostly of light-colored quartz and feldspar.

______composition rocks are made mostly of dark-colored silicate minerals and plagioclase feldspar.

______composition rocks are between granitic light-color minerals and basaltic composition dark-colored minerals.

______composition rocks are made mostly from iron and magnesium-rich minerals.

Basalt is an igneous rock made mostly of dark-colored silicate minerals.

3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition

______involves the weathering and the removal of rock.

______occurs when an agent of erosion—water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses energy and drops sediments.

Compaction and Cementation

______is a process that squeezes, or compacts, sediments.

______takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments.

Two Main Groups

______sedimentary rocks are composed of weathered bits of rocks and minerals.

Classified by particle ______

Common rocks include

Sandstone

Conglomerate

Shale (most abundant)

Shale is a common clastic sedimentary rock.

Conglomerants are made of rounded pebbles cemented together.

______sedimentary rocks form when dissolved substances precipitate, or separate, from water.

Common Chemical sedimentary rocks include

______- most abundant

microcrystalline quartz known as chert, flint, jasper, or agate

______such as rock salt or gypsum

coal

______Limestone This biochemical rock, called coquina, is a type of limestone that is made of hundreds of shell fragments

Features of Some Sedimentary Rocks

Features of sedimentary rocks are ______to how and where the rocks are ______

Examples include where the layer is in relation to other layers, ______, ripple marks, and mud cracks

3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

______means “to change form.”

Most metamorphic changes occur at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Conditions for formation are found a few kilometers below the Earth’s surface and extend into the upper mantle.

______metamorphism occurs when magma moves into rock.

Occurs near a body of magma

Changes are driven by a rise in ______.

Example: Marble

______metamorphism results in large-scale deformation and high-grade metamorphism.

Directed pressures and high temperatures occur during mountain building.

Produces the greatest volume of metamorphic rock

______of Metamorphism

Heat

Provides the ______needed to drive chemical reactions

Two sources: ______and change in temperature with ______

______(Stress)

Causes a more compact rock with greater density

______Solutions

Hot water-based solutions escaping from the mass of ______

Promote recrystallization by dissolving ______minerals and then depositing new ones

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

Two main categories

______Metamorphic Rock

Has a banded or layered appearance

______Metamorphic Rock

Does not have a banded texture

______is a foliated metamorphic rock.

______—A Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock